57) Contrast leadership substitutes with leadership neutralizers.
58) According to current theories of gender roles in leadership, which of the following BEST
describes the differences in decision making?
A) Males tend to be more democratic than females in making decisions.
B) Males tend to be more critical than females in making decisions.
C) Males tend to be more autocratic than females in making decisions.
D) Males tend to be more rational than females in making decisions.
E) Males tend to be more charismatic than females in making decisions.
59) Which states the correct definition of collectivism?
A) A greater focus on group characteristics than on individual characteristics
B) A greater focus on the group than on the individual
C) A greater focus on the individual within a group than on the individual without a group
D) A greater focus on individuals who are most successful
E) A greater focus on groups that have been operative for the longest time
60) Which states the correct definition of individualism?
A) A greater focus on individual characteristics than on cultural characteristics
B) A greater focus on the individual than on the group
C) A greater focus on the individual within a group than on the individual without a group
D) A greater focus on individuals who have been present for the longest time
E) A greater focus on individuals who are in leadership roles
61) Which of the following types of leaders has the primary role of helping a less experienced
person learn how to function and to advance within an organization?
A) Enabler
B) Mentor
C) Manager
D) Taskmaster
E) Motivator
62) Which is the MOST accurate statement regarding one of the main differences between the
Japanese and American cultures?
A) Overall, Japanese culture is often characterized as conservative, whereas American culture is
often characterized as liberal.
B) Overall, Japanese culture is often characterized as rigidly structured, whereas American
culture is often characterized as loosely structured.
C) Overall, Japanese culture is often characterized as authoritarian, whereas American culture is
often characterized as democratic.
D) Overall, Japanese culture is often characterized as collectivist, whereas American culture is
often characterized as individualist.
E) Overall, Japanese culture is often characterized as socialist, whereas American culture is often
characterized as capitalist.
63) Which of the following best describes the new, modern role of a leader?
A) Overseer
B) Individualist
C) Collectivist
D) Coach
E) Autocratic
64) What is the term for those who work with less experienced employees to learn how to
advance within the organization?
A) Overseer
B) Coach
C) Individualist
D) Collectivist
E) Mentor
65) Which of the following identifies international differences and diversity issues within an
organization?
A) Culture
B) Individualism
C) Collectivism
D) Diversity
E) Autocracy
66) A coaching role may include taking on responsibilities as a mentor.
67) The ethical behaviors of top management are less of a concern today compared to the past.
68) A manager working in the United States will typically see a high level of collectivism among
workers.
69) Most leadership theories and studies have focused on the roles of both men and women in
leadership roles.
70) Male leaders tend to be no more task-focused than female leaders.
71) From a coaching perspective, what roles might an organizational leader assume?
72) How will leadership styles change in a collective culture when compared to an individualistic
culture?
73) Which part of the management of an organization would be MOST involved with strategic
leadership?
A) The top level of management
B) The supervisory level of management
C) The advisory level of management
D) The auxiliary level of management
E) All levels of management
74) Recent corporate scandals that have shaken the public’s faith in business leadership have
brought increased attention to what area of leadership?
A) Virtual leadership
B) Ethical leadership
C) Strategic leadership
D) Employee-focused leadership
E) Charismatic leadership
75) Which of the current business characteristics has brought the rise of virtual leadership?
A) More communication within the organization
B) Little communication among employees
C) More face-to-face communication within the organization
D) Less face-to-face communication within the organization
E) Little communication between employees and management
76) In exercising strategic leadership, what is a leader MOST likely to do?
A) Focus on company efficiency
B) Focus on hiring the right people
C) Align the company with its environment
D) Avoid environmental impact on the firm
E) Engage the firm with community organizations
77) In addition to understanding the organization’s history and culture, what must a leader
understand in order to be effective at strategic leadership?
A) The external environment
B) The needs of stakeholders
C) The advantages to virtual leadership
D) The hiring process
E) How men and women respond to various leadership styles
78) Which of the following is considered to be one of the biggest challenges facing virtual
leaders and their workers today?
A) Clear goals and measurements for projects
B) Feelings of isolation
C) Highly complex work environments
D) Inconsistent “big pictures” for employees
E) Organizational commitment
79) How can virtual leaders ensure effective communication with remote workers?
A) Develop a strong one-way process for communication.
B) Limit active listening.
C) Use multiple channels to communicate.
D) Minimize the use of structured work-related events.
E) Allow each remote employee to establish ground rules for getting work done.
80) Business leaders are promoted to senior position because they are ethical people.
81) Strategic leaders work toward creating a more hierarchical structure.
82) Strategic leadership is a leader’s ability to understand the complexities of both the
organization and its environment.
83) Virtual leadership refers to the role of leaders in a team environment.
84) Virtual leaders don’t need to concern themselves with creating and maintaining relationships
with their employees.
85) Why has virtual leadership become an important issue for organizations?
86) Explain the concept and importance of ethical leadership.
87) Which of the following is the name for choosing one alternative from among several
options?
A) Decision making
B) Assessment
C) Evaluation
D) Discernment
E) Arbitration
88) What is the first step in rational decision making?
A) Understanding who will make the decision
B) Recognizing that a decision is necessary
C) Identifying alternatives to the problem
D) Choosing an alternative
E) Implementing the alternative
89) What is the definition of a coalition?
A) An informal group formed to achieve a common goal
B) An institution incorporated in order to achieve a common goal
C) A pro-business political party
D) The network of management within a firm
E) The network of employees within a firm
90) Which of the following reflects the extent to which a leader is willing to gamble when
making a decision?
A) Escalation of commitment
B) Overconfidence
C) Caution
D) Intuition
E) Risk propensity
91) An inward belief about something, often without conscious consideration, is frequently
referred to as what?
A) Intuition
B) Risk taking
C) Commitment
D) Discernment
E) Rationality
92) In selecting an alternative when making a decision, what should decision makers keep in
mind?
A) Finding multiple acceptable alternatives is neither possible nor efficient.
B) Finding multiple acceptable alternatives should not take very long.
C) Selecting one alternative and rejecting all others will be the decision maker’s main objective.
D) Selecting one alternative and rejecting all others might not be necessary.
E) Selecting one alternative and rejecting all others should be a straightforward process.
93) Which of the following dispositions is typical for leaders with a high degree of risk
propensity?
A) Reliance on intuition
B) Reliance on rational decisions
C) Aversion against use of intuition
D) Aversion against rational decisions
E) Aversion against use of both intuition and rational decisions
94) What is a prime ingredient in fostering different levels of risk propensity within an
organization?
A) Organizational culture
B) Profitability level
C) Gender differences
D) Cross-cultural interactions
E) Company size
95) Which of the following represents an informal alliance of individuals who seek to achieve a
common goal?
A) Lobbying
B) Escalation of commitment
C) Political force
D) Coalition
E) Leadership
96) What is the behavior that results when a decision maker makes a decision and continues to
support that decision, even when it appears to be wrong?
A) Escalation of commitment
B) Legitimate power
C) Risk propensity
D) Path-glory
E) Intuition
97) What types of decisions are unstructured and require considerable time, energy, and
resources to make?
A) Conditional
B) Nonprogrammed
C) Ethical
D) Strategic
E) Programmed
98) What type of decision-making process should be used for basic operating systems,
procedures, and standard organizational transactions?
A) Conditional
B) Strategic
C) Programmed
D) Ethical
E) Nonprogrammed
99) When there is little ambiguity in the decision-making process, what decision-making
condition exists?
A) A state of recognition
B) A state of risk
C) A state of rationality
D) A state of certainty
E) A state of uncertainty
100) When does a state of certainty exist in a decision-making process?
A) When conditions and alternatives are understood
B) When conditions are complex and turbulent
C) When potential payoffs and costs are determined
D) When decisions are made based on intuition, judgment, and experience
E) When the conditions are clearly defined and the need for a decision is clear
101) What decision-making state occurs when identifying each alternative and the associated
costs and payoffs of those alternatives?
A) A state of recognition
B) A state of risk
C) A state of rationality
D) A state of certainty
E) A state of uncertainty
102) When a manager must make a guess as to the probabilities associated with each alternative,
what decision-making state is that manager working in?
A) Rationality
B) Certainty
C) Risk
D) Recognition
E) Uncertainty
103) Because of the complexity and dynamism of organizations, what decision-making state
occurs when risks, alternatives, and consequences are unknown?
A) A state of recognition
B) A state of risk
C) A state of rationality
D) A state of certainty
E) A state of uncertainty
104) The more important the decision, the more attention needs to be directed to developing
alternatives.
105) Managers with a high degree of risk propensity tend to rely heavily on intuition.
106) When making a decision, finding multiple acceptable alternatives may be possible;
however, selecting just one and rejecting all others is critical.
107) An escalation of commitment indicates the increased support of all members and leadership
in the action.
108) Besides having more structure than a nonprogrammed decision, programmed decisions also
recur more often.
109) What are three common constraints limiting the development of alternatives in the rational
decision-making process?
110) Describe the steps involved in the rational decision-making process.
111) Discuss ways in which using a rational perspective to decision making will help when
making nonprogrammed decisions.
112) Discuss why the majority of decisions made by managers are made under a state of
uncertainty, and how managers can minimize the risk of poor decisions.