57) Which of the following theories focuses on people evaluating their treatment by the
organization relative to the treatment of others?
A) Equity theory
B) Hierarchy of needs
C) Expectancy theory
D) Goal-setting theory
E) X and Y theory
58) Scientific management is best described as a theory of motivation which states
A) job satisfaction depends on two factors, hygiene and motivation.
B) people are motivated to work toward rewards that they want and that they have a reasonable
chance of obtaining.
C) people evaluate their treatment by the organization relative to the treatment of others.
D) managers should analyze jobs to find the most efficient methods and use money as a primary
motivator.
E) people will work more productively as long as they receive some kind of attention from
management.
59) Which of the following helps explain why some people do not work as hard as they can
when their salaries are based purely on seniority?
A) Two-factor theory
B) Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs
C) Scientific management
D) Expectancy theory
E) Theory X and Theory Y
60) The most productive employee in the department doesn’t apply for a job opening they are
well suited for, in spite of an excellent record and the pay and prestige associated with the new
job. The employee believes that the job will go to someone who has more seniority. Based on
expectancy theory, which would explain why the employee doesn’t apply for the job?
A) The effort-performance issue
B) The equity theory issue
C) The performance-reward issue
D) Personal goals
E) Family demands
61) An employee is encouraged to apply for a promotion, but does not because he has children
and wants to be home in the evening. Based on expectancy theory, which of the following
explains why the employee doesn’t apply for the job?
A) The equity theory issue
B) The rewards-personal goals issue
C) The performance-rewards issue
D) The rewards-ethics issue
E) The ethics-performance issue
62) A manager wants to motivate the maintenance staff to be more productive. She starts by
providing training and assures employees that high productivity will be rewarded. Employees are
asked to identify the rewards that would mean the most to them. The manager likely subscribes
to which theory of motivation?
A) Equity
B) Expectancy
C) Two-factor
D) Hierarchy of needs
E) Productivity
63) An employee’s level of effort began to decline when they learned a new employee with far
less experience was hired at the same salary. The employee’s lack of motivation can best be
described by which theory of motivation?
A) Equity
B) Expectancy
C) Two-factor
D) Scientific management
E) Planning
64) Which of the following, if true, would BEST show that a manager’s strategy for motivating
his team is consistent with “Theory Y” about employee motivation?
A) The employees would need to see incentives as worth having for their own sake.
B) The employees would need to see their work as contributing to a success that they share in.
C) The manager wants his team to feel rewards will increase as the quality of work is increased.
D) The manager thinks that his team will not do their work well without added incentives.
E) The manager thinks that incentives are needed in order to boost morale.
65) If, instead of offering incentives for sales goals, a manager were to get ideas on increasing
sales revenue from his sales team to implement, which of the following would MOST likely
result?
A) The sales team would be more motivated by feeling more invested in the process.
B) The sales team would prefer to be given clearly defined goals to meet.
C) The sales team would not have enough information to go on in order to get ideas.
D) The sales team would come up with too many different ideas.
E) The sales team would be more motivated because of the chance to earn more money.
66) Which of the following supports the belief that people are naturally lazy and must be
punished or rewarded to be made productive?
A) Hierarchy of human needs
B) Theory X
C) Theory Y
D) Two factor theory
E) Expectancy theory
67) According to McGregor, what motivational theory beliefs will result in managers most likely
to have satisfied and motivated employees?
A) Hierarchy of human needs
B) Theory X
C) Theory Y
D) Two factor theory
E) Expectancy theory
68) According to Frederick Herzberg, which of the following is considered a hygiene factor?
A) Recognition
B) Hours
C) Working conditions
D) Additional time off
E) Added responsibility
69) According to McClelland, what is the need for achievement based on?
A) The desire to control one’s environment
B) The desire to increase job satisfaction
C) Recognition for a job well done
D) The desire to accomplish a goal or task as effectively as possible
E) The need for promotions
70) According to McClelland, what do employees experience when they tend to want
reassurance and approval from others and are genuinely concerned about others’ feelings?
A) The need for power
B) The need for satisfaction
C) The need for achievement
D) The need for motivation
E) The need for affiliation
71) According to McClelland, which of the following represents the desire to control one’s
environment?
A) The need for power
B) The need for satisfaction
C) The need for achievement
D) The need for motivation
E) The need for affiliation
72) Which of the following indicates that an employee will work towards their goals if they
believe they have a reasonable opportunity to achieve those goals?
A) Equity theory
B) Expectancy theory
C) Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
D) Hygiene factors
E) Herzberg’s two-factor theory
73) Which motivational theory focuses on social comparisons as a motivator?
A) Equity theory
B) Expectancy theory
C) Power theory
D) Hygiene factors
E) Herzberg’s two-factor theory
74) According to the classical theory of motivation, attention from the supervisor is more of a
motivator than money.
75) The two-factor theory examines the relationship between effort and performance.
76) According to expectancy theory, people are motivated to work toward rewards they want and
that they believe they have a reasonable chance of obtaining.
77) When people feel they are being inequitably treated, they are likely to ask for raises, increase
their efforts, and work longer hours.
78) Hygiene factors affect motivation only if they are absent or fail to meet expectations.
79) Motivation factors are directly related to the work that employees perform; hygiene factors
refer to the environment in which they work.
80) For an individual to feel equitably treated, his ratio of contribution to return must be the same
as the other individual’s ratio with whom he or she is comparing.
81) Individuals may satisfy social needs by making and maintaining friendships at work.
82) Equity theory is based on the premise that workers prefer a workplace where all employees
are paid equally.
83) How are equity theory and the psychological contract connected?
84) How does Maslow’s hierarchy of needs model explain employee motivation?
85) According to the two-factor theory, how should managers enhance motivation?
86) Contrast Theory X and Theory Y.
87) How does expectancy theory explain employee motivation?
88) According to which theory are employees given a voice in how they do their jobs and how
the company is managed?
A) Participative management and empowerment
B) Theory X
C) Classical theory of motivation
D) Modified work schedules
E) Scientific management
89) What is flextime an example of?
A) Job sharing
B) Job rotation
C) Modified work scheduling
D) Work sharing
E) Modified workplace planning
90) Which of the following can motivate workers by achieving a more satisfactory fit between
workers and their jobs?
A) Job redesign
B) Team management
C) MBO
D) Training
E) Job enrichment programs
91) Which is an example of a modified work schedule?
A) Job sharing
B) Job redesign
C) Job rotation
D) Job enrichment
E) Job elimination
92) Which of the following allows people to choose their working hours by adjusting a standard
work schedule on a daily or weekly basis?
A) Job enrichment
B) Flextime programs
C) Job enlargement
D) Job redesign
E) Work sharing
93) Which of the following is the most frequently used method of setting performance goals to
motivate behavior?
A) Social learning
B) Participative management
C) Management by objectives
D) Job enrichment
E) Positive reinforcement
94) Which of the following is being practiced when employees can determine how to accomplish
their jobs and results in increased commitment to organizational goals?
A) Social learning
B) Participative management
C) Management by objectives
D) Job enrichment
E) Positive reinforcement
95) Which of the following is based on the idea that different people need and want different
things from their jobs?
A) Training
B) Teamwork
C) Participative management
D) Expectancy
E) Empowerment
96) Which behavior modification choice links a negative action with a negative consequence?
A) Performance measurement
B) Punishment
C) Regression
D) Social learning
E) Management by objectives
97) According to social learning theory, what determines the behavior of an individual at the
work place?
A) Cognitions and social environment
B) Management by objectives
C) Analysis
D) Comparisons
E) Reinforcement
98) The essence behind management by objectives (MBO) is that performance goals are used to
direct and motivate behavior.
99) With job rotation, conventional office space is redesigned to accommodate jobs that are less
dependent on assigned spaces.
100) Participation and empowerment work more effectively in large firms than in small firms.
101) Job rotation is a form of job enrichment.
102) With job sharing, companies often experience increased turnover.
103) MBO involves managers and subordinates in setting goals and evaluating progress.
104) Positive reinforcement is used when a company or manager provides a reward when
employees’ exhibit desired behaviors.
105) According to many experts, motivational impact is the biggest advantage of MBO.
106) The use of teams can increase motivation and job satisfaction.
107) According to social learning theory, people learn, in part, because others expect them to.
108) In what three ways is job redesign typically implemented?
109) How can teams lead to higher levels of employee motivation and satisfaction in smaller
firms?
110) Under what conditions might the use of work teams be inappropriate?
111) Discuss management by objectives (MBO).
112) Discuss modified work schedules and how they increase job satisfaction.
113) Discuss the potential benefits to the employer from a flextime program.
114) Discuss ways in which managers can link the concept of punishment and rewards as a form
of behavior modification.