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International Economics: Theory and Policy, 11e (Krugman et al.)
Chapter 11 Trade Policy in Developing Countries
11.1 Import-Substituting Industrialization
1) The infant industry argument was an important theoretical basis for
A) neo-colonialist theory of international exploitation.
B) import-substituting industrialization.
C) historiography of the industrial revolution in Western Europe.
D) the East-Asian miracle.
E) the reduction of tariffs on Western Europe.
2) Sophisticated theoretical arguments supporting import-substitution policies include
A) terms of trade effects.
B) scale economy arguments.
C) learning curve considerations.
D) the problem of appropriability.
E) domestic market failure arguments.
3) Which of the following could explain why the terms of trade of developing countries might
deteriorate over time?
A) Developing country exports consist mainly of manufactured goods.
B) Developing country exports consist mainly of primary products.
C) Commodity export prices are determined in highly competitive markets.
D) Commodity export prices are solely determined by developing countries.
E) Developing country exports are too diverse.
4) Which trade strategy have developing countries used to restrict imports of manufactured
goods so that the domestic market is preserved for home producers?
A) international commodity agreement
B) export promotion
C) multilateral contract
D) import substitution
E) export subsidies
5) The infant industry argument is that
A) comparative advantage is irrelevant to economic growth.
B) developing countries have a comparative advantage in agricultural goods.
C) developing countries have a comparative advantage in manufacturing.
D) developing countries have a potential comparative advantage in manufacturing.
E) developing countries have no chance to compete with industrialized countries.
6) The infant industry argument calls for active government involvement
A) only if the government forecasts are accurate.
B) only if some market failure can be identified.
C) only if the industry is not one already dominated by industrial countries.
D) only if the industry has a high value added.
E) only if the industry is independently able to earn high returns.
7) The imperfect capital market justification for infant industry promotion
A) assumes that new industries will tend to have low profits.
B) assumes that infant industries will soon mature.
C) assumes that infant industries will be in products of comparative advantage.
D) assumes that banks can allocate resources efficiently.
E) assumes that developing country will reward the donor country.
8) The United States, as it began its long and successful growth in the early 19th century,
consciously promoted domestic production through such activities as tariffs, Clay's American
System, and many direct subsidies to railroads, canal companies, farmers (free land) etc. Today
we view this blatant example of large scale and extensive import-substitution industrialization as
having been very successful. Comment on this.
9) Refer to above figure. If OmL1 workers are employed in manufacturing then what is the
marginal productivity of labor in manufacturing?
10) Refer to above figure. If OmL1 workers are employed in manufacturing then what is the
marginal productivity of labor in agriculture?
11) Refer to above figure. If manufacturing labor were to increase to OmL2, how much value
would the economy as a whole gain?
12) Refer to above figure. Why would workers not shift from agriculture to manufacturing in the
initial situation where wages are higher in the latter?
13) Refer to above figure. If the economy were in the initial position (where OmL1 workers were
in manufacturing), what trade policy might gain ABC of economic welfare?
11.2 Results of Favoring Manufacturing: Problems of Import-Substituting Industrialization
1) General equilibrium considerations lead to the realization that import-substituting policies
have the effect of
A) discouraging exports.
B) encouraging exports.
C) encouraging an efficient use of a country's resources.
D) generating large tariff revenues for the government.
E) creating competitive manufacturing sectors.
2) Import substitution policies make use of
A) tariffs that discourage goods from entering a country.
B) quotas applied to goods that are shipped abroad.
C) production subsidies granted to industries with comparative advantage.
D) tax breaks granted to industries with comparative advantage.
E) production facilities provided by industrialized countries.
3) The disappointment with import-substitution policies is in part because
A) of the rapid and continuous growth record of South American countries.
B) many countries pursuing this strategy experienced stagnation in their growth.
C) this policy is inconsistent with sophisticated economic growth models.
D) this policy tended to create world-class industrial competitors.
E) of the financial investment lost by the U.S.
4) It is argued that import substitution is a misguided trade policy if the intent is to promote long-
term economic growth. Explain the reasons underlying this argument.
11.3 Trade Liberalization Since 1985
1) Growth rates in Brazil and other Latin American countries have actually been slower since the
trade liberalization of the late 1980s than they were during import-substituting industrialization
A) proves that export promoting trade policy leads to relatively rapid economic growth.
B) proves that a free-trade orientation of trade policy results in rapid economic growth.
C) proves that exports help growth, whereas imports impede growth.
D) proves that trade policy is the most important policy area for promotion of economic
development.
E) does not prove that trade liberalization always leads to rapid economic growth.
2) China's recent experience supports the proposition that
A) "economic miracles" are solely to be expected in small countries.
B) central planning and socialism can promote sustained economic growth.
C) a lessening of income disparities is a prerequisite for economic growth.
D) growth in a large country cannot be affected by its foreign sector.
E) policy changes can dramatically prompt export oriented growth.
3) The consensus today is that import-substitution protectionist industrial policy has not served
the developing countries' growth ambitions well. This fact proves that policies relying on export-
driven growth are the "winning ticket" for these countries.
11.4 Trade and Growth: Takeoff in Asia
1) Historically those few developing countries which have succeeded in significantly raising
their per-capita income levels
A) did not accomplish this with import-substituting industrialization.
B) did accomplish this with import-substituting industrialization.
C) tended to provide heavy protection to domestic industrial sectors.
D) favored industrial to agricultural or service sectors.
E) did so to the detriment of their nearest neighbors.
2) Statistical evidence suggests that
A) free trade policies promote economic growth more effectively than do import substitution
policies.
B) import substituting policies tend to promote effective exploitation of scale economies.
C) import substitution tends to lead to relatively low effective rates of protection.
D) import substitution is to this day the preferred growth strategy promoted by the World Bank.
E) import substitution proved to be the most effective aid for developing countries before 1970.
3) The growth successes of the high performance Asian economies
A) supports the belief that economic development requires import substitution policies.
B) rejects the belief that export-oriented industrialization is likely to promote economic
development.
C) rejects the belief that economic development requires import substitution policies.
D) suggests that free trade policies are required for successful economic development.
E) enforces United States' hesitation to trade with developing countries.
4) Which industrialization policy used by developing countries places emphasis on the
comparative advantage principle as a guide to resource allocation?
A) export promotion
B) import substitution
C) international commodity agreements
D) Infant Industry promotion
E) intra-industry trade practice
5) Taiwan and South Korea are examples of developing nations that have recently pursued these
industrialization policies:
A) import substitution.
B) export promotion.
C) commercial dumping.
D) multilateral contract.
E) trade embargoes.
6) All of the following nations EXCEPT ________ have recently utilized export-led growth
policies.
A) Hong Kong
B) South Korea
C) Argentina
D) Singapore
E) Taiwan
7) The development of countries like South Korea has been supported by all of the following
EXCEPT
A) high domestic interest rates.
B) high domestic saving rates.
C) large endowments of human capital.
D) high levels of labor productivity.
E) reduced government regulation.
8) The "East Asian Miracle" is
A) the ability of so many people to live in such small areas.
B) the fact that so many Influenza varieties originate from this region.
C) the fact that poor dualistic economies managed to escape the vicious circle of poverty.
D) the ability to maintain large positive trade balances with the U.S.
E) the advent of completely free labor mobility between east Asian countries.
9) The HPAE (High Performance Asian Economies) countries
A) have all consistently supported free trade policies.
B) have all consistently maintained import-substitution policies.
C) have all consistently maintained non-biased efficient free capital markets.
D) have all maintained openness to international trade.
E) have all outperformed the U.S.
10) The remarkable success of the HPAEs proves that
A) trade policy is the key to successful economic growth.
B) trade policy is irrelevant to successful economic growth.
C) high educational standards is the key to successful economic growth.
D) dual economies must suffer economic stagnation.
E) trade policy can lead to a higher standard of living for developing countries.
11) The HPAE "economic miracle" illustrates a clear case in which
A) exports and growth were positively related.
B) exports were promoted by successful economic growth.
C) economic growth was determined by successful export promotion.
D) trade policy dominated other considerations in promoting economic growth.
E) import substitution enhanced economic development.
12) The "East Asian Miracle" of the "Four Tigers" in the 1960s was replicated by
A) developing countries around the world.
B) other East Asian countries.
C) Sub Sahara African countries.
D) Industrialized countries.
E) Eastern European countries.
13) Classical and Neoclassical trade theory makes the case that free trade can bring a country to
an optimum and economically efficient use of its resources; and hence is an optimal trade-policy,
if the objective is maximizing long term economic growth. There are those who argue that the
experience of the Asian Miracle countries, such as Taiwan, South Korea and Singapore verify
this argument in the real world. Explain. There are others who argue that the experience of these
countries cannot be used to verify or support the argument above. Explain.
