CHAPTER THIRTY
EUROPEAN AND AMERICAN ART,
1715–1840
30
Multiple Choice
1. In England, what style experienced a revival accompanied by Neoclassicism?
A. Gothic
B. Roman
C. Romanesque
D. Byzantine
2. What site became a venerated pilgrimage center in Mexico after Juan Diego claimed that he
had seen the Virgin Mary there?
A. Guadalupe
B. Madrid
C. Segovia
D. Toledo
3. David’s Death of Marat (Fig. 30-39) echoes the pose of Christ in a sculpture by
A. Reynolds.
B. Boucher.
C. Carriera.
D. Michelangelo.
4. What is the name for intimate, fashionable, and intellectual gatherings hosted by
accomplished, educated Frenchwomen of the upper class?
A. satires
B. tours
C. salons
D. academies
5. Rosalba Carriera specialized in painting portraits with
A. ink.
B. acrylic.
C. pastels.
D. wood.
6. In the eighteenth century, the Industrial Revolution replaced the land-based power of the
aristocracy with
A. the financial power of capitalists.
B. the religious power of the Church.
C. the political power of the laity.
D. the social power of philosophers
7. What were typical architectural elements in French Rococo salon design of the 1730s?
A. cantilevers
B. arabesques
C. iron rods
D. striations
8. What does Fragonard’s The Swing (Fig. 30-6), which was commissioned by an unknown
patron, suggest about the artist’s aristocratic clientele?
A. devout religious practice
B. erotic interests
C. intellectual pursuits
D. scientific curiosity
9. Swiss artist John Henry Fuseli specialized in depicting dramatic subjects drawn from literary
sources, including
A. the Bible
B. Erasmus
C. Chaucer
D. Shakespeare
10. Which artist was admired by Denis Diderot, an Enlightenment philosopher who thought art
should inspire refined manners?
A. Fragonard
B. Blake
C. Boucher
D. Chardin
11. In Angelika Kauffman’s Cornelia Pointing to Her Children as Her Treasures (Fig. 30-28),
how does the mother depict Classical virtues?
A. She expresses interest in material wealth.
B. She shows frustration with her children.
C. She gestures to the monumental architecture.
D. She stands gracefully in a tranquil setting.
12. What about Goya’s Third of May, 1808 (Fig. 30-45) epitomizes Romanticism in art?
A. It is not factual.
B. It glorifies the victors.
C. It is an image of terror.
D. It is a mythological subject.
13. How did French artist Jacques-Louis David incorporate ideas of Grand Manner painting into
his depiction of Napoleon Crossing the Saint Bernard (Fig. 30-49)?
A. He represented subjects in Classical settings and costumes.
B. He used artistic license to suggest heroic qualities.
C. He adhered to models for history painting established in England.
D. He showed the figure’s control over the environment.
14. A common thread that connected Romantic artists was
A. the belief in the necessity of the Grand Tour.
B. a simplified composition and individual forms.
C. a focus on rational subjects.
D. an emphasis on expressiveness.
15. How did Benjamin Latrobe incorporate new symbolic forms in his design for the U.S.
Capitol building?
A. an asymmetrical floor plan
B. Native American patterns on walls
C. representations of indigenous plants on columns
D. brick made from local clay
16. What about Ingres’s work in the early nineteenth century demonstrates the ongoing interest
in Neoclassicism?
A. his erotic or aristocratic subject matter
B. his attention to color and surface textures
C. his academic line and formal structure
D. his emphasis on moral virtue and reason
17. How do the landscape paintings of John Constable evoke themes of Romanticism in art?
A. the heightened drama of the scene
B. the nostalgic emphasis on nature as idyllic
C. the reference to the philosophical “sublime”
D. the inclusion of exotic details
18. Thomas Gainsborough’s style of portraiture reflects the influence of
A. Flemish artists, such as Van Dyck.
B. Reynold’s concept of the Grand Manner.
C. realism found in Dutch genre painting.
D. Romantic ideas about nature.
19. What is demonstrated in Théodore Géricault’s The Raft of the Medusa (Fig. 30-51)?
A. principles of the Grand Manner
B. the emphasis on reason
C. the religious potential of art
D. influences from the Americas
20. Cardinal Albani built the Villa Albani to
A. reflect on Enlightenment ideals.
B. display his vast collection of antique artifacts.
C. promote the Industrial Revolution.
D. house royal travelers from Northern Europe.
21. Enlightenment thinking is marked by the conviction that.
A. all developments should have church support.
B. the aristocracy is best able to rule.
C. all should have equal rights.
D. women should have the right to vote.
22. Who were really only honorary members of the academies?
A. sculptors
B. foreigners
C. women
D. architects
23. Who painted a series of entertaining scenes of scientific experiments?
A. Richard Boyle
B. Joseph Wright of Derby
C. Thomas Cole
D. Joseph Mallord William Turner
24. What did Joseph Mallord William Turner try to capture with a mixture of fascination and
fear?
A. vedute
B. salons
C. sublime
D. fête galante
25. In 1779, what material was used in the Severn River Bridge (Fig. 30-22), which replaced the
heavy, hand-cut stone voussoirs of earlier bridges?
A. iron struts
B. Classical keystones
C. decorative crenellations
D. wooden arches
Short Answer
1. What is the derivation of the word Rococo?
2. What defines the Rococo style? Give an example.
3. Why did Diderot encourage artists to work for the common good?
4. How did Joseph Wright of Derby glorify science?
5. What was the role of art academies in the eighteenth century, and how did they influence
artistic development of the period?
6. How did Neoclassical artists rebel against Rococo art?
7. How did artists of the nineteenth century use landscape painting to convey ideas associated
with Romanticism?
8. How did art develop in Mesoamerica in the eighteenth century?
9. What was the impact of lithography?
10. What are the sources for Thomas Jefferson’s Monticello (Fig. 30-70)?
Essay
1. What are the main features of the Rococo style, as seen in Jean-Antoine Watteau’s The
Signboard of Gersaint (Fig. 30-3)?
2. How were Enlightenment ideas reflected in art of the eighteenth century? Choose examples
that demonstrate the diverse range of styles used to express these interests.
3. Neoclassicism and Romanticism are usually considered to have opposing styles. Write an
essay offering examples that demonstrate the overlapping aspects of the visual characteristics,
thematic interests, and cultural significance of both styles.
4. How did Sir Joshua Reynolds approach painting? Discuss his philosophies as they appear in
Lady Sarah Bunbury Sacrificing to the Graces (Fig. 30-24).
Answer:
5. How did John Singleton Copley’s Watson and the Shark (Fig. 30-32) exemplify the Romantic
movement?