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CHAPTER TEN
ART OF SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA
BEFORE 1200
10
Multiple Choice
1. In addition to their carved imagery and inscriptions, Ashokan pillars (Fig. 10-1) conveyed
symbolic meaning as
A. a flag-bearing standard.
B. geographic markers.
C. a stupa.
D. the axis mundi.
2. The Indus Valley civilization thrived around the same time as
A. Etruscan culture.
B. Old Kingdom Egypt.
C. Classical Greece.
D. Imperial Rome.
3. How does the Male Torso (Fig. 10-5) found at Harappa forecast essential attributes of later
Indian sculpture?
A. its small, intimate scale
B. the sensuous emphasis on the body
C. the use of nudity
D. the removable arts and head
4. A “fully enlightened being”—who sees the ultimate nature of the world and is no longer
subject to the cycle of samsara—is known as a
A. buddha.
B. chakravartin.
C. yakshi.
D. bodhisattva.
5. What do the lions represent in the Lion Capital from Sarnath (Fig. 10-6)?
A. four great rulers
B. four great temples of Sarnath
C. four buddhas of the earth
D. four cardinal directions
6. Stories of the Buddha’s past lives are called
A. Jataka tales.
B. Mandapas tales.
C. Garbhagriha tales.
D. Toranas tales.
7. What are used in Buddhist and Hindu art as physical expressions of different states of being?
A. mithuna
B. erotic figures
C. mudras
D. yakshi
8. Which describes the garbhagriha, where a statue of the temple’s main god is kept in Hindu
temples?
A. a windowless space
B. a light-filled chamber
C. a tower
D. a covered porch
9. Built of stone blocks, what kind of construction was in the Kandariya Mahadeva Temple,
Khajuraho (Fig. 10-29)?
A. corbelled arch
B. post-and-lintel
C. barrel and groin vault
D. waddle-and-daub
10. The erotic sculptures decorating the Kandariya Mahadeva (Fig. 10-30) are thought to express
A. Shiva’s consorts.
B. ceremonial rituals.
C. human divinity.
D. human lust.
11. What visible characteristic distinguishes Gandhara sculptures of the Buddha?
A. the ushnisha
B. the use of red sandstone
C. the defined folds in the robe
D. the Abhaya mudras
12. The Eternal Shiva at the temple of Shiva at Elephanta (Fig. 10-24) conveys the range of
Shiva’s powers through multiple
A. pillars.
B. arms.
C. expressions.
D. heads.
13. The Female Figure Holding a Fly-Whisk (Fig. 10-7) is characteristic of Maurya period
sculpture in the
A. figure’s fleshy sensuality.
B. high polished sandstone.
C. representation of a yakshi figure.
D. decorative adornment.
14. The bodhisattva in the wall painting of Cave 1 in Ajanta (Fig. 10-19) is identified as
Avalokiteshvara through the
A. lotus flower in his hand.
B. princely garments.
C. distinctive headdress.
D. use of color.
15. What helped preserve the colossal sculpture Parinirvana of the Buddha at Gal Vihara (Fig.
10-31)?
A. the monastery
B. the environment
C. the superstructure
D. the granite
16. The rock-cut relief Descent of the Ganges (Fig. 10-26) is probably meant to
A. serve as an allegory of the king’s penance.
B. teach Hindu beliefs through dramatic narratives.
C. provide a focus for meditation and ritual devotion.
D. record a historical event.
17. On the toranas of the Great Stupa at Sanchi (Fig. 10-9), Jataka tales of the Buddha’s past
lives are organized according to
A. where the action occurred.
B. importance of lesson.
C. chronological order.
D. alphabetical order.
18. What are Buddhist religious monuments that frequently hold sacred relics and are venerated
through circumambulation?
A. temples
B. viharas
C. amalakas
D. stupas
19. What are the names for the two types of rock-cut halls that were made for Buddhist monastic
communities?
A. shikhara and amalaka
B. mandapas and plinth
C. vihara and chaitya
D. torana and garbhagriha
20. The Mathura style of Buddhist sculpture evolved from representations of indigenous male
nature deities called
A. mudras.
B. katras.
C. bodhisattvas.
D. yakshas.
21. In what style is the temple of Vishnu at Deogarh (Fig. 10-16)?
A. northern
B. eastern
C. western
D. southern
22. What divides the depiction of drunkenness from that of moderation in the relief of Scene of
Drunkenness and Moderation (Fig. 10-37)?
A. a table
B. a tree
C. an instrument
D. a wine jug
23. In 2001, the Taliban destroyed two colossal statues of Buddha carved from the rock of a cliff
in
A. Pakistan.
B. Afghanistan.
C. Uzbekistan.
D. India.
24. The palace site of Sigiriya (Fig. 10-19) is located on a plateau in what country?
A. Cambodia
B. Laos
C. Vietnam
D. Sri Lanka
25. What do the locations of the shrines at the Loro Jonggrang (Fig. 10-38) suggest?
A. occupation
B. status
C. wealth
D. piety
1. Why did Ashoka erect monuments to Buddha?
2. What are the two styles of sculpture that appear in the ancient Indus civilization?
3. How did Siddhartha Gautama reach enlightenment?
4. What is a stupa, and what are its primary physical characteristics?
5. Who are the three main deities of Hinduism?
6. Why did the Gandhara and Mathura schools thrive?
7. What is depicted on the entrance to the temple of Vishnu at Deogarh (Figs. 10-16 and 10-17)?
8. Explain the iconography and cultural significance of Shiva Nataraja (Fig. 10-33).
9. What makes the Rajarajeshvara Temple (Fig. 10-32) a monumental southern-style temple?
10. What was the bhakti movement in Hinduism and how is it reflected in art?
Essay
1. How would you compare and contrast northern- and southern-style temples?
Answer:
2. How do representations of Buddha differ throughout South and Southeast Asia?
3. How are Hindu monuments different from Buddhist monuments? Provide examples.
4. Compare and contrast the Angkor style in Cambodia with the Dvaravati style in Thailand.
5. Discuss the style, content, and purpose of Indus Valley seals. What do they reveal about early
civilizations?
