19
66) More than 24 million people in Africa are infected with HIV.
Skill: Understanding
Section: HIV/AIDS
Learning Outcome: 13.6
67) Two high-risk behaviors associated with the development of HIV/AIDS are having
unprotected sex and injecting drugs.
Skill: Understanding
Section: HIV/AIDS
Learning Outcome: 13.6
68) Interspecies transmission of infectious disease does not occur.
Skill: Understanding
Section: The Process of Infection
Learning Outcome: 13.1
69) An antibody is a substance capable of triggering an immune response.
Skill: Understanding
Section: Your Body’s Defenses against Infection
Learning Outcome: 13.2
70) All bacteria can cause disease in humans.
Skill: Understanding
Section: Types of Pathogens and the Diseases They Cause
Learning Outcome: 13.3
71) Treatment for influenza is only palliative.
Skill: Applying
Section: Types of Pathogens and the Diseases They Cause
Learning Outcome: 13.3
20
72) Amy contracted the flu. Getting a flu shot now will enable her body to attack and eliminate
the flu virus in her system.
Skill: Applying
Section: Your Body’s Defenses against Infection
Learning Outcome: 13.2
73) The human variant of mad cow disease can develop in a person who has eaten meat from
infected cows.
Skill: Understanding
Section: Types of Pathogens and the Diseases They Cause
Learning Outcome: 13.3
74) Oral sex carries no risk for STIs.
Skill: Understanding
Section: Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
Learning Outcome: 13.4
75) Proper use of a condom during sexual activity does not guarantee protection against STIs.
Skill: Understanding
Section: Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
Learning Outcome: 13.4
76) Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a sexually transmitted infection (STI).
Skill: Understanding
Section: Common Types of Sexually Transmitted Infections
Learning Outcome: 13.5
77) Herpes can be cured in its early stages with proper antibiotic treatment.
Skill: Understanding
Section: Common Types of Sexually Transmitted Infections
Learning Outcome: 13.5
21
78) The new human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination prevents all types of HPV.
Skill: Understanding
Section: Common Types of Sexually Transmitted Infections
Learning Outcome: 13.5
79) The terms HIV and AIDS are synonymous and can be used interchangeably.
Skill: Understanding
Section: HIV/AIDS
Learning Outcome: 13.6
80) HIV can be transmitted through vaginal, anal, or oral sex.
Skill: Understanding
Section: HIV/AIDS
Learning Outcome: 13.6
81) You cannot contract HIV through casual contact.
Skill: Understanding
Section: HIV/AIDS
Learning Outcome: 13.6
82) You can only get pubic lice through sexual contact.
Skill: Understanding
Section: Common Types of Sexually Transmitted Infections
Learning Outcome: 13.5
22
83) If pathogenic microorganisms are all around us, including in the air, on surfaces, and even on
our own skin, explain why we don’t all develop new infectious diseases every day.
Answer: Three conditions must be present at the same time to develop disease from exposure to
a microorganism.
1) The agent must be able to transmit the pathogen. In other words, there must be contact—
through broken skin, inhalation, and so forth—between the pathogen and the interior of the
human body. Skin, for example, is the body’s first defense: pathogens can gain entry to the body
2) The host must be susceptible; that is, vulnerable in some way to the infection. Most obviously,
the host‘s body temperature, chemistry, and cellular make-up must be hospitable to the pathogen
involved. This explains why, for example, a certain type of influenza that is pathogenic in dogs
may not be pathogenic in humans. Moreover, within any given community, some people have a
strong immune system, whereas others—including the very young, the very old, pregnant
women, and people who are ill—have a compromised immune system unable to destroy the
3) The environment must allow for the pathogen’s survival. Factors such as temperature, light,
and moisture must be hospitable to the pathogen. Pathogenic microorganisms in contaminated
foods cannot reproduce in your freezer, for example, but can replicate quickly in the same food
left out on your kitchen counter.
Skill: Analyzing
Section: The Process of Infection
Learning Outcome: 13.1
23
84) Compare and discuss factors you can control and factors you cannot control to prevent the
onset of disease.
Skill: Applying
Section: The Process of Infection
Learning Outcome: 13.1
24
85) Discuss three factors that are contributing to the development of multidrug–resistant
organisms and what you can do to slow the growth of resistant organisms.
Skill: Analyzing
Section: The Process of Infection
Learning Outcome: 13.1
86) Mark sliced his hand picking up a piece of broken glass, and failed to clean the wound
thoroughly. As a result, he has developed in infection. Identify the four signs of inflammation
Mark is likely experiencing.
Skill: Analyzing
Section: Your Body’s Defenses against Infection
Learning Outcome: 13.2
25
87) Discuss three common reasons used to explain the current high rates of sexually transmitted
infections (STIs).
Skill: Analyzing
Section: Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
Learning Outcome: 13.4
88) State two reasons that early detection of HIV infection is critical.
Skill: Analyzing
Section: HIV/AIDS
Learning Outcome: 13.6