11
40) Missy is motivated to lose weight. She has begun taking a 30–minute walk every morning,
has worked with a nutrition counselor to design a new diet, and on Monday will begin following
new eating plan. According to the transtheoretical model of behavior change, Missy is in a stage
of
A) precontemplation.
B) contemplation.
C) action.
D) maintenance.
Skill: Applying
Section: How Does Behavior Change Occur?
Learning Outcome: 1.4
41) According to the transtheoretical model, a person in the precontemplation stage
A) has no current intention to change or believes there is no need to change.
B) is aware of the problem and is making preparations for change.
C) is aware of the problem but is greatly afraid of change.
D) is aware of the problem and is already taking action to implement change.
Skill: Understanding
Section: How Does Behavior Change Occur?
Learning Outcome: 1.4
42) Judy strives to stay healthy. When she notices herself engaging in an unhealthy behavior, she
makes a plan and takes action to get back on track. No challenge is too tough for her to take on.
Judy
A) has self-control.
B) exhibits self-efficacy.
C) is in a state of readiness to change.
D) relies on social support.
Skill: Understanding
Section: How Can You Improve Your Health Behaviors?
Learning Outcome: 1.5
12
43) Jason has three projects due next week. He is frustrated because everything is due at the
same time and he doesn’t believe it‘s possible to get all three projects finished. His solution is to
forget about the projects and meet up with friends for a night out. Jason has
A) self-confidence.
B) self–efficacy.
C) an internal locus of control.
D) an external locus of control.
Skill: Applying
Section: How Can You Improve Your Health Behaviors?
Learning Outcome: 1.5
44) People with an internal locus of control believe that events turn out as they do based on
A) environmental factors.
B) previous disappointments.
C) their own actions.
D) fate and luck.
Skill: Understanding
Section: How Can You Improve Your Health Behaviors?
Learning Outcome: 1.5
45) An adolescent smoker might think lung cancer happens only to old people. This is an
example of which factor of the health belief model?
A) perceived seriousness
B) perceived susceptibility
C) perceived benefits
D) perceived barriers
Skill: Understanding
Section: How Does Behavior Change Occur?
Learning Outcome: 1.4
46) An appraisal of the relationship between an object, action, or idea and some attribute related
to it is a(n)
A) belief.
B) attitude.
C) motivation.
D) analysis.
Skill: Remembering
Section: How Does Behavior Change Occur?
Learning Outcome: 1.4
13
47) Manuela joined a group exercise class. Her instructor, who was formerly inactive and
overweight, participates with the class and also shares personal fitness strategies. In class,
Manuela tries to emulate her instructor’s moves, and she has also become more physically active
as part of her daily routine. Which technique is Manuela using to reach her goal of becoming
more fit?
A) shaping
B) modeling
C) visualization
D) reinforcement
Skill: Applying
Section: How Can You Improve Your Health Behaviors?
Learning Outcome: 1.5
48) Brenda is going on a ski trip over spring break and has 12 weeks to get in shape. She
purchased an elliptical trainer and started working out on it for 10 minutes each day. Each week,
she will increase her workout by 10 minutes until she can exercise for one hour. If she finds that
is too rigorous, she will only add 5 minutes to her workout each week. Which of the following
behavior-change techniques is Brenda using to get in shape for her trip?
A) shaping
B) visualization
C) modeling
D) self–talk
Skill: Applying
Section: How Can You Improve Your Health Behaviors?
Learning Outcome: 1.5
49) When applying the strategy of shaping to behavior change, one should
A) set very demanding goals for oneself.
B) only reward oneself when reaching the main goal.
C) use small achievable steps to reach goals.
D) expect this strategy to provide immediate success.
Skill: Understanding
Section: How Can You Improve Your Health Behaviors?
Learning Outcome: 1.5
14
50) Which strategy is used by many athletes to visualize the attainment of goals?
A) coaching
B) imagined rehearsal
C) athletic imagery
D) vicarious performance
Skill: Understanding
Section: How Can You Improve Your Health Behaviors?
Learning Outcome: 1.5
51) Observing a friend’s successful attempt to quit smoking and trying some of the same tactics
to quit yourself is an example of
A) conforming.
B) shaping.
C) envy.
D) modeling.
Skill: Applying
Section: How Can You Improve Your Health Behaviors?
Learning Outcome: 1.5
52) Changing your seat in class to one closer to the front to help change your habit of napping
during the lecture is an example of
A) an activity reinforcer.
B) situational inducement.
C) negative reinforcement.
D) social reinforcement.
Skill: Applying
Section: How Can You Improve Your Health Behaviors?
Learning Outcome: 1.5
53) Going out for dinner at your favorite restaurant as a reward for finishing a big project is an
example of a(n)
A) activity reinforcer.
B) manipulative reinforcer.
C) consumable reinforcer.
D) social reinforcer.
Skill: Understanding
Section: How Can You Improve Your Health Behaviors?
Learning Outcome: 1.5
15
54) Mrs. J. is trying to get her third-grade students to remember to have their homework signed
by a parent before bringing it to class. Students who remember every day for a month receive a
gift card from a local bookstore. This is an example of a(n)
A) consumable reinforcer.
B) activity reinforcer.
C) manipulative reinforcer.
D) possessional reinforcer.
Skill: Understanding
Section: How Can You Improve Your Health Behaviors?
Learning Outcome: 1.5
55) Lower health insurance rates for nonsmokers is an example of a(n)
A) possessional reinforcer.
B) manipulative reinforcer.
C) social reinforcer.
D) activity reinforcer.
Skill: Understanding
Section: How Can You Improve Your Health Behaviors?
Learning Outcome: 1.5
56) Mrs. H. wants her fifth-grade students to read more. She has a reading graph displayed in the
classroom with a blank bar for each student. When a student reads for at least 3 hours in one
week, he or she gets to color in one box on their bar. The students enjoy competing for the lead
position and being praised by Mrs. H. for their improvements. This is an example of a(n)
A) activity reinforcer.
B) manipulative reinforcer.
C) possessional reinforcer.
D) social reinforcer.
Skill: Understanding
Section: How Can You Improve Your Health Behaviors?
Learning Outcome: 1.5
16
57) The thought, “I don’t have enough time!” is an example of
A) shaping.
B) self-talk.
C) punishment.
D) enabling.
Skill: Understanding
Section: How Can You Improve Your Health Behaviors?
Learning Outcome: 1.5
58) Not allowing yourself to think about stage fright and focusing only on the content of your
speech when preparing for a presentation is an example of
A) positive reinforcement.
B) blocking and stopping.
C) self-talk.
D) self–rewarding.
Skill: Understanding
Section: How Can You Improve Your Health Behaviors?
Learning Outcome: 1.5
59) A sedentary lifestyle, overuse of caffeine, and risky sexual practices are examples of
A) voluntary determinants of health.
B) modifiable determinants of health.
C) involuntary determinants of health.
D) nonmodifiable determinants of health.
Skill: Understanding
Section: What Influences Your Health?
Learning Outcome: 1.3
60) The change model based on three factors (social environment, thoughts and feelings, and
behaviors) in interaction with each other is known as the
A) behavior modification model.
B) transtheoretical model.
C) health belief model.
D) social cognitive model.
Skill: Understanding
Section: How Does Behavior Change Occur?
Learning Outcome: 1.4
17
61) Once you have identified a target behavior that needs to change, your next step is to
A) learn more about the behavior, its effects, and possible obstacles.
B) commit to changing all negative behaviors at the same time.
C) see a counselor to help you work out a plan.
D) consider the possible negative outcomes before proceeding.
Skill: Understanding
Section: How Can You Improve Your Health Behaviors?
Learning Outcome: 1.5
62) Which of the following is an essential prerequisite for changing a behavior?
A) deciding on several rewards for making the change
B) wanting to change
C) asking friends for advice
D) changing environmental obstacles
Skill: Remembering
Section: How Can You Improve Your Health Behaviors?
Learning Outcome: 1.5
63) Based on a recent cholesterol screening, Marlon decided that he has to stop eating so much
fast food and get more exercise. Between work and school, his free time is limited, but he is
determined to lower his cholesterol level and improve his overall health. The best way for
Marlon to stay motivated to improve his diet and work out regularly is to
A) make weekly resolutions for how many times to work out and chastise himself if he hasn’t
accomplished his planned goal.
B) depend on his friends to keep him away from his favorite fast-food restaurants.
C) set reasonable short– and long-term goals and reward himself for meeting them.
D) set an ambitious goal and chart daily and weekly progress using online tools.
Skill: Applying
Section: How Can You Improve Your Health Behaviors?
Learning Outcome: 1.5
64) A trait over which a person has no control, such as height and bone structure, is a(n)
A) modifiable determinant.
B) nonmodifiable determinant.
C) genetic defect.
D) environmental influence.
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Influences Your Health?
Learning Outcome: 1.3
18
65) A trait or behavior that a person can actively control, such as eating habits, is a(n)
A) modifiable determinant.
B) nonmodifiable determinant.
C) genetic defect.
D) environmental influence.
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Influences Your Health?
Learning Outcome: 1.3
66) Which behavior change model involves six distinct stages and is also known as the stages of
change model?
A) health belief model
B) transtheoretical model
C) social cognitive model
D) shaping model
Skill: Remembering
Section: How Does Behavior Change Occur?
Learning Outcome: 1.4
67) Educational, organizational, procedural, and environmental support aimed at helping a given
population change health-related behaviors is
A) risk behavior.
B) health promotion.
C) health disparities.
D) medical treatment.
Skill: Remembering
Section: What Is Health?
Learning Outcome: 1.2
68) Having unprotected sex is considered a
A) risk behavior.
B) health promotion.
C) health disparities.
D) medical treatment.
Skill: Applying
Section: What Is Health?
Learning Outcome: 1.2