53) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Diatoms need strong
sunlight and are found only within the upper, sunlit surface waters of the ocean BECAUSE they
provide most of the silica in biogenous ooze.
A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.
C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.
D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.
E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing
Section: 4.3 What Are the Characteristics of Biogenous Sediment?
Essent’l Concept: 4.3 Describe the characteristics of biogenous sediment
OSLP: 5 The ocean supports a great diversity of life and ecosystems.
54) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Microscopic biogenous
ooze is common on the deep-ocean floor BECAUSE there is so little lithogenous sediment
deposited at great distances from the continents that could dilute the biogenous material.
A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.
C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.
D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.
E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing
Section: 4.3 What Are the Characteristics of Biogenous Sediment?
Essent’l Concept: 4.3 Describe the characteristics of biogenous sediment
OSLP: 5 The ocean supports a great diversity of life and ecosystems.
55) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Biogenous sediment
usually contains abundant calcite below the calcite compensation depth BECAUSE it readily
dissolves above the calcite compensation depth.
A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.
C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.
D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.
E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing
Section: 4.3 What Are the Characteristics of Biogenous Sediment?
Essent’l Concept: 4.3 Describe the characteristics of biogenous sediment
OSLP: 5 The ocean supports a great diversity of life and ecosystems.
21
56) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Ancient marine
phosphate deposits that have been uplifted onto land are extensively mined BECAUSE they are
valuable as fertilizers.
A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.
C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.
D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.
E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing
Section: 4.7 What Resources Do Marine Sediments Provide?
Essent’l Concept: 4.7 Identify the various resources that marine sediments provide
OSLP: 6 The ocean and humans are inextricably interconnected.
Global Sci Out: 5
57) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Coarse-grained
lithogenous neritic deposits dominate continental margin areas BECAUSE they do not contain
biogenous, hydrogenous, and cosmogenous particles.
A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.
C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.
D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.
E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing
Section: 4.6 How Are Pelagic and Neritic Deposits Distributed?
Essent’l Concept: 4.6 Specify how the distribution of pelagic and neritic deposits is determined
by proximity to sediment sources and mechanisms of transport
OSLP: 1 The Earth has one big ocean with many features.
58) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Thick sediment
accumulations occur on the continental shelves and rises, especially near the mouths of major
rivers BECAUSE these locations are close to major sources of lithogenous sediment.
A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.
C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.
D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.
E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing
Section: 4.6 How Are Pelagic and Neritic Deposits Distributed?
Essent’l Concept: 4.6 Specify how the distribution of pelagic and neritic deposits is determined
by proximity to sediment sources and mechanisms of transport
OSLP: 1 The Earth has one big ocean with many features.
22
59) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Marine sediment
accumulations are interesting to oceanographers BECAUSE they often contain microscopic
fossils that provide clues to the past geographic distributions of marine organisms.
A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.
C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.
D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.
E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing
Section: 4.1 How Are Marine Sediments Collected and What Historical Events Do They
Reveal?
Essent’l Concept: 4.1 Demonstrate an understanding of how marine sediments are collected and
what historical events they reveal
OSLP: 1 The Earth has one big ocean with many features.
60) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Marine sediments can’t
provide insight into today’s climate changes BECAUSE they reveal a detailed history of Earth’s
past climate.
A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.
C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.
D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.
E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing
Section: 4.1 How Are Marine Sediments Collected and What Historical Events Do They
Reveal?
Essent’l Concept: 4.1 Demonstrate an understanding of how marine sediments are collected and
what historical events they reveal
OSLP: 1 The Earth has one big ocean with many features.
23
61) Ocean sediments consist of particles that have slowly settled out of the water by which of the
following the processes?
A) Grain lithification
B) Paleooceanography
C) Porosity reduction
D) Sediment compaction
E) Suspension settling
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
Section: 4.1 How Are Marine Sediments Collected and What Historical Events Do They
Reveal?
Essent’l Concept: 4.1 Demonstrate an understanding of how marine sediments are collected and
what historical events they reveal
OSLP: 1 The Earth has one big ocean with many features.
62) Which of the following statements about marine sediments is correct?
A) They are useful for determining the distribution of ancient dinosaurs.
B) They contain plant fossils used to map the movement of the continents.
C) They provide a discontinuous, disturbed record of Earth history.
D) They record the timing and severity of some global extinction events.
E) They represent Earth history dating back for billions of years.
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
Section: 4.1 How Are Marine Sediments Collected and What Historical Events Do They
Reveal?
Essent’l Concept: 4.1 Demonstrate an understanding of how marine sediments are collected and
what historical events they reveal
OSLP: 1 The Earth has one big ocean with many features.
63) What percentage of the rocks exposed on the continents originated as sedimentary rocks
deposited in ancient ocean environments?
A) Less than twenty percent
B) Twenty to thirty percent
C) Thirty to forty percent
D) Forty to fifty percent
E) More than fifty percent
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
Section: 4.1 How Are Marine Sediments Collected and What Historical Events Do They
Reveal?
Essent’l Concept: 4.1 Demonstrate an understanding of how marine sediments are collected and
what historical events they reveal
OSLP: 1 The Earth has one big ocean with many features.
24
64) The term referring to the size and shape of sediment particles is ________.
A) angularity
B) composition
C) fabric
D) provenance
E) texture
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
Section: 4.1 How Are Marine Sediments Collected and What Historical Events Do They
Reveal?
Essent’l Concept: 4.1 Demonstrate an understanding of how marine sediments are collected and
what historical events they reveal
OSLP: 1 The Earth has one big ocean with many features.
65) Collecting adequate samples from which of the following is the most difficult?
A) Continental shelf
B) Estuaries and lagoons
C) Marine sediments on land
D) The deep-ocean floor
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
Section: 4.1 How Are Marine Sediments Collected and What Historical Events Do They
Reveal?
Essent’l Concept: 4.1 Demonstrate an understanding of how marine sediments are collected and
what historical events they reveal
OSLP: 1 The Earth has one big ocean with many features.
66) Which of the following was used during early exploration of the oceans to collect sediment
samples?
A) Dredge
B) Gravity corer
C) Long line
D) Rotary corer
E) Seiche disk
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
Section: 4.1 How Are Marine Sediments Collected and What Historical Events Do They
Reveal?
Essent’l Concept: 4.1 Demonstrate an understanding of how marine sediments are collected and
what historical events they reveal
OSLP: 1 The Earth has one big ocean with many features.
25
67) Which of the following is a hollow steel tube with a heavy weight on top that is to collect
sediment samples?
A) Dredge
B) Gravity corer
C) Long line
D) Rotary corer
E) Seiche disk
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
Section: 4.1 How Are Marine Sediments Collected and What Historical Events Do They
Reveal?
Essent’l Concept: 4.1 Demonstrate an understanding of how marine sediments are collected and
what historical events they reveal
OSLP: 1 The Earth has one big ocean with many features.
68) Which of the following is the most advanced technology used to collect sediment samples
from the deep ocean?
A) Dredge
B) Gravity corer
C) Long line
D) Rotary corer
E) Seiche disk
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
Section: 4.1 How Are Marine Sediments Collected and What Historical Events Do They
Reveal?
Essent’l Concept: 4.1 Demonstrate an understanding of how marine sediments are collected and
what historical events they reveal
OSLP: 1 The Earth has one big ocean with many features.
69) How many holes have been drilled into the sea floor using a drill ship to collect cores for
scientific study?
A) Less than 500
B) 500 to 1000
C) 1000 to 1500
D) 1500 to 2000
E) More than 2000
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
Section: 4.1 How Are Marine Sediments Collected and What Historical Events Do They
Reveal?
Essent’l Concept: 4.1 Demonstrate an understanding of how marine sediments are collected and
what historical events they reveal
OSLP: 1 The Earth has one big ocean with many features.
26
70) Shortly after the devastating 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake, the Chikyu drillship began an
expedition to study which of the following?
A) Earth’s climate change patterns
B) Earthquake-generated heat from friction
C) The mechanism that causes tsunamis
D) The microbiology of the deep-ocean floor
E) The properties of the deep crust
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
Section: 4.1 How Are Marine Sediments Collected and What Historical Events Do They
Reveal?
Essent’l Concept: 4.1 Demonstrate an understanding of how marine sediments are collected and
what historical events they reveal
OSLP: 1 The Earth has one big ocean with many features.
71) The study of how the ocean, atmosphere, and land have interacted in the past to produce
changes in ocean chemistry, circulation, biology, and climate is called ________.
A) biogeochemistry
B) climatology
C) historical oceanography
D) paleoceanography
E) plate tectonics
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
Section: 4.1 How Are Marine Sediments Collected and What Historical Events Do They
Reveal?
Essent’l Concept: 4.1 Demonstrate an understanding of how marine sediments are collected and
what historical events they reveal
OSLP: 1 The Earth has one big ocean with many features.
72) The main energy resources associated with marine sediments are petroleum and ________.
A) coal
B) ethanol
C) gas hydrates
D) rare-earth elements
E) wind power
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
Section: 4.7 What Resources Do Marine Sediments Provide?
Essent’l Concept: 4.7 Identify the various resources that marine sediments provide
OSLP: 6 The ocean and humans are inextricably interconnected.
Global Sci Out: 5
27
73) Which of the following contains the most organic carbon on Earth?
A) Fossil Fuels
B) Gas hydrates
C) Living organisms
D) Peat
E) Soil
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
Section: 4.7 What Resources Do Marine Sediments Provide?
Essent’l Concept: 4.7 Identify the various resources that marine sediments provide
OSLP: 6 The ocean and humans are inextricably interconnected.
Global Sci Out: 5
74) Which of the following resources found in ocean sediments has the greatest economic value?
A) Gas hydrates
B) Manganese nodules and crusts
C) Petroleum
D) Rare-earth elements
E) Sand and gravel
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
Section: 4.7 What Resources Do Marine Sediments Provide?
Essent’l Concept: 4.7 Identify the various resources that marine sediments provide
OSLP: 6 The ocean and humans are inextricably interconnected.
Global Sci Out: 5
75) Demand for which of the following resources has skyrocketed in recent years?
A) Gas hydrates
B) Manganese nodules and crusts
C) Phosphorite
D) Rare-earth elements
E) Sand and gravel
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
Section: 4.7 What Resources Do Marine Sediments Provide?
Essent’l Concept: 4.7 Identify the various resources that marine sediments provide
OSLP: 6 The ocean and humans are inextricably interconnected.
Global Sci Out: 5
28
76) China currently supplies about 90% of which of the following resources?
A) Gas hydrates
B) Manganese nodules and crusts
C) Phosphorite
D) Rare-earth elements
E) Sand and gravel
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
Section: 4.7 What Resources Do Marine Sediments Provide?
Essent’l Concept: 4.7 Identify the various resources that marine sediments provide
OSLP: 6 The ocean and humans are inextricably interconnected.
Global Sci Out: 5
77) The ancient remains of which of the following, buried before they could decompose, are the
source of today’s petroleum deposits?
A) Dinosaurs
B) Fish and amphibians
C) Land based plants
D) Microscopic organisms
E) Peat and coal
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
Section: 4.7 What Resources Do Marine Sediments Provide?
Essent’l Concept: 4.7 Identify the various resources that marine sediments provide
OSLP: 6 The ocean and humans are inextricably interconnected.
Global Sci Out: 5
78) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Future offshore
petroleum exploration will continue in the deeper waters of the continental margins BECAUSE
offshore petroleum exploration has inevitable oil spills caused by inadvertent leaks or blowouts
during the drilling process.
A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.
C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.
D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.
E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing
Section: 4.7 What Resources Do Marine Sediments Provide?
Essent’l Concept: 4.7 Identify the various resources that marine sediments provide
OSLP: 6 The ocean and humans are inextricably interconnected.
Global Sci Out: 5
29
79) Which of the following natural gasses is most common in gas hydrates from under the ocean
floor?
A) Carbon dioxide
B) Ethane
C) Hydrogen sulfide
D) Methane
E) Propane
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
Section: 4.7 What Resources Do Marine Sediments Provide?
Essent’l Concept: 4.7 Identify the various resources that marine sediments provide
OSLP: 6 The ocean and humans are inextricably interconnected.
Global Sci Out: 5
80) Which of the following is the major environmental concern regarding the release of methane
from the sea floor to the atmosphere?
A) At least fifty deep-ocean floor sites may contain extensive methane hydrate deposits.
B) Methane is created when bacteria break down organic matter trapped in sea floor sediments.
C) Release of large quantities of methane from the ocean causes dramatic effects on global
climate.
D) Sea floor methane seeps support a rich community of organisms that depend on the methane.
E) Sudden releases of methane hydrates have been linked to underwater slope failures.
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing
Section: 4.7 What Resources Do Marine Sediments Provide?
Essent’l Concept: 4.7 Identify the various resources that marine sediments provide
OSLP: 6 The ocean and humans are inextricably interconnected.
Global Sci Out: 5
81) Which of the following marine resources is used to make wallboard or sheet rock?
A) Evaporative salts
B) Manganese nodules
C) Phosphorite
D) Sand and gravel
E) Sediments rich in tin
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
Section: 4.7 What Resources Do Marine Sediments Provide?
Essent’l Concept: 4.7 Identify the various resources that marine sediments provide
OSLP: 6 The ocean and humans are inextricably interconnected.
Global Sci Out: 5
30