Chapter 7
Velasquez Test Bank
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following arguments are used by those organizations that support the goal of
diversity in the workforce?
a. Affirmative action plans eliminate reverse discrimination.
b. Global marketplaces can only be developed with exposure to diversity.
c. Racial discrimination still exists today and must be ended.
d. Sexism and racist bigotry deny women and minorities opportunities.
2. Which of the following must be involved in order to have discrimination in employment?
a. The discrimination must be based on long-standing beliefs about a person or group.
b. The decision must be based on prejudice.
c. The decision must be based on individual merit.
d. The decision must be supported by the institution or organization.
3. Decisions based on _____ are decisions based on ideas about race, gender, or other
stereotypes.
a. a negative impact
b. a harmful impact
c. individual merit
d. prejudice
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Skill Level: Apply what you know
Difficulty Level: Moderate
4. Which of the following is carried out as the result of unconscious factors such as processes
that have unintended outcomes?
a. Intentional discrimination
b. Unintentional discrimination
c. Individual discrimination
d. Institutional discrimination
5. Which of the following types of discrimination has widespread effects within an organization
because it is based on processes and policies?
a. Intentional
b. Unintentional
c. Individual
d. Institutional
6. Which of the following forms of discrimination is the result of one or a few people acting on
their own?
a. Intentional
b. Unintentional
c. Individual
d. Institutional
7. Which of the following viewed discrimination as an intentional act by an organization and
sought to eliminate discrimination on the part of the employer?
a. Executive Order 11246
b. Affirmative action
c. Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972
d. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
8. Which of the following describes an indication that discrimination exists because there is a
disproportionate number of a protected group in less desirable positions within the organization?
a. Prima facie
b. Intentionality
c. Adverse impact
d. Affirmative action
9. Families headed by single women are now _____ as likely to be poor compared to families
headed by single men.
a. twice
b. three times
c. four times
d. five times
10. Which of the following describes the relationship between pay and the number of women
working in an occupation?
a. The more women in an occupation, the higher the pay for that occupation.
b. The more women in an occupation, the lower the pay for that occupation.
c. The fewer women in an occupation, the higher the pay for women in that occupation.
d. The fewer women in an occupation, the lower the pay for everyone in that occupation.
11. Which of the following best describes barriers encountered by women as they advance in
their careers?
a. Affirmative action
b. Prima facie
c. Glass ceiling
d. Intentionality
12. Of all the new jobs created during the past two decades, how many of them require education
beyond high school?
a. One-tenth
b. One-quarter
c. One-third
d. One-half
13. Which of the following is cited as one reason why minorities make less money than whites?
a. Minorities are steered into low-paying professions such as education.
b. Minorities face a glass ceiling as they advance in their career.
c. Sexual harassment is greater for minorities than other groups, including women.
d. Minorities need skills and education but have a comparative lack of both.
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Learning Objective 7.3: Outline the extent of employment discrimination by making
comparisons among groups
Skill Level: Analyze it
Difficulty Level: Moderate
14. The idea that a society’s productivity will be optimized to the extent that jobs are awarded
based on competency is supported by the _____ argument against discrimination.
a. utilitarian
b. rights-based
c. justice-based
d. distribution
15. According to the utilitarian argument against discrimination, jobs should be assigned based
on _____ as long as such assignments advance the public welfare.
a. gender
b. qualifications
c. education
d. race
16. Which of the following arguments against discrimination supports the view that
discrimination arbitrarily closes off to minorities and women the more desirable positions,
thereby not giving them an opportunity equal to others?
a. Nonutilitarian
b. Rights-based
c. Justice-based
d. Kantian
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Difficulty Level: Moderate
17. Which of following best describes the idea that individuals who are equal in all respects
relevant to a type of treatment should be treated equally even if they are dissimilar in other,
nonrelevant respects.
a. Kantian arguments
b. Stereotyping
c. Cultural traditions
d. Principles of equality
18. Which type of sexual harassment occurs when superiors or other workers engage in
unwelcome sexual conduct that results in a workplace that is offensive or abusive to an
employee?
a. Hostile environment harassment
b. Coercive
c. Quid pro quo
d. Implicit
19. Which of the following was designed to protect people who have a physical or mental
limitation that might prevent them from doing some aspect of a job?
a. Age Discrimination in Employment Act
b. Affirmative action
c. Quotas
d. Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
20. Which of the following is a criticism of current affirmative action plans?
a. They work to eliminate discrimination in the future, but they do not correct past wrongs.
b. They work to protect the opportunities of women and minorities, but not other groups.
c. They work to correct past wrongs, not prevent further discrimination.
d. They work to provide additional compensation to those that have been wronged, but do not
work to protect entire groups.
21. Which of the following provides for a way to measure the success of affirmative action
programs?
a. A clear identification of the purpose of the study
b. Specific and measureable quotas
c. A comparison of women and minorities in each job classification
d. Coordinated increased recruitment of women and minorities
22. Which of the follow is an outcome of Supreme Court rulings that pertain to affirmative
action programs in the workplace?
a. Race and gender can be the only factors in an affirmative action program.
b. Affirmative action programs must have specific quota goals.
c. Affirmative action programs must be temporary and narrowly tailored to achieve their
objectives.
d. Affirmative action programs cannot be used to increase diversity at public institutions.
23. Which of the following supports the idea that people have an obligation to pay those whom
they have intentionally and unjustly wronged?
a. Affirmative action
b. Compensatory justice
c. Quotas
d. Increasing utility
24. Which of the following is a goal of affirmation action programs from an equal justice
perspective?
a. To place society’s benefits and burdens on protected classes
b. To neutralize competitive advantages
c. To neutralize unconscious bias in employment decisions
d. To eliminate the need for a more just society
25. Opponents of affirmative action programs have argued that criteria besides race and sex must
be considered when making job decisions. Which of the following indicates the need for the
inclusion of other criteria?
a. If only race and sex are used as criteria, the result will be the hiring of unqualified workers.
b. Productivity will remain steady but will not improve if hiring is done on the basis of race and
sex.
c. Only women and minorities with equal skills and qualifications should be considered.
d. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 does not allow employers to correct programs that are not
morally unjust.
SHORT ANSWER
26. Several companies urged the Supreme Court to protect the University of Michigan’s goal of
achieving diversity through its affirmative action program. Discuss the four reasons why
organizations sought to protect diversity and affirmative action.
27. Discuss the four forms of discrimination that might be present in an organization.
28. Discuss the role of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.
29. Based on information in the text, what reasonable conclusion can be drawn about
employment discrimination?
30. Discuss how a lack of education promotes discrimination and lack of opportunity for
minorities in the workplace?
31. Discuss the three conditions that would constitute sexual harassment in the workplace.
32. Discuss the view of reverse discrimination created or supported by affirmative action
programs.
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Sample Answer: Affirmative action programs have been attacked on the grounds that, in an
attempt to correct past discrimination, the programs themselves are racially or sexually
discriminatory. Critics argue that by showing preference to minorities or women, the programs
institute a form of reverse discrimination against white males by using nonrelevant
characteristics—race or sex—to make employment decisions. Critics argue this violates justice
by violating the principles of equality and equal opportunity.
Topic: Affirmative Action
Learning Objective 7.5: Examine the policy of affirmative action from practical, legal, and moral
points of view
33. How does the promotion of affirmative action programs act as a method of increasing utility?