978-0133832396 Chapter 2

Chapter 2

Velasquez Test Bank

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Which of the following describes judgments based on ethical principles that deal with

fairness of the distribution of benefits and burdens in society?

a. Rights

b. Virtue

c. Utilitarianism

d. Justice

2. The ethical principles that advocate respect for the well-being and freedom of others are

referred to as

a. virtues.

b. rights.

c. fairness.

d. justice.

3. Which of the following approaches to ethical decision-making is based on the idea that a

course of action produces the most benefits over costs for everyone affected?

a. Utilitarianism

b. Fairness

c. Virtue

d. Justice

4. Many business analysts feel the best way to evaluate the ethics of a business decision is to

analyze social costs and compare them to

a. those affected by the decision.

b. the cost of consequences.

c. social benefits.

d. the greatest net benefits.

5. Which of the following best describes the utility of a course of action by a business?

a. The most objective benefits of an action

b. The level of acceptability of an action by society

c. The amount of compromise needed to produce an action

d. The combination of benefits and costs of an action

6. Which of the following is considered to be a primary benefit of utilitarianism?

a. It advocates policies that create the biggest financial reward.

b. It produces the greatest benefits for society at a reasonable cost.

c. It allows governments to clearly define what is ethically right or wrong.

d. It impartially considers everyone’s interests.

7. Which of the following is based on the moral norms and principles that say all human beings

are empowered to do something or have something done for them?

a. Human rights

b. Legal rights

c. Constitutional rights

d. Jurisdictional rights

8. Which of the following describes the duties others have to not interfere in certain activities of

another person who is exercising a given right?

a. Contractual rights

b. Obligations

c. Negative rights

d. Duties

9. Which type of rights are outcomes of a specific transaction between particular individuals?

a. Positive

b. Contractual

c. Moral

d. Utility

10. Which of the following best explains the idea of distributive justice?

a. Punishments and penalties should be given to all those who do wrong.

b. The larger the injustice, the more compensation an injured party should receive.

c. Equals should be treated as equals; those who are not equal should be treated differently.

d. Punishment should be greater for those who intentionally do wrong.

11. Which of the following statements support the views of egalitarians in terms of equality?

a. All humans are equal and goods should be allocated in equal portions.

b. There are differences among people that justify unequal treatment.

c. If all cannot be served equally, those who are first, or senior, should be served first.

d. Goods should be allocated based on need, ability, and effort.

12. The idea that benefits should be distributed based on the value of contribution is a principle

of which concept?

a. Socialism

b. Work ethic

c. Egalitarianism

d. Justice

13. An ethic based on the fundamental value that relationships should be preserved and

maintained is a _____ ethic.

a. socialist

b. retributive

c. compensatory

d. communitarian

14. Which of the following is a moral demand in an ethic of care?

a. We should respond in a way that provides the most benefit to ourselves.

b. We should respond positively to the needs and well-being of those who support our goals.

c. We should respond in a way that furthers the goals of the majority.

d. We should respond positively to the needs, values, and well-being of others.

Skill Level: Analyze it

Difficulty Level: Moderate

15. Which form of caring requires us to respond to a person’s needs while remaining objective

and distant from that person?

a. Caring after someone

b. Caring about something

c. Caring after ourselves

d. Caring for someone

16. Generally speaking, which ethical guidelines have greater weight in the decision-making

process?

a. Moral rights

b. Utilitarian standards

c. Standards of justice

d. Individual rights

17. When considering moral standards, a large injustice or violation of rights would cause ____

to have more weight in the decision-making process.

a. demands of impartiality

b. demands of caring

c. principles of impartiality

d. utilitarian standards

18. Which of the following should be the basis for moral judgment?

a. Limiting the moral rights of individuals in the workplace

b. Ensuring that distribution of benefits and burdens is based on status

c. Limiting the influence of relationships

d. Maximizing the net utility of actions

19. Virtue ethics that consider a person’s moral character are referred to as _____ by many

ethicists.

a. action-based

b. judgment-based

c. agent-based

d. standards-based

20. Which of the following best describes a valued disposition of a good human being, exhibited

in the person’s habitual behavior?

a. Moral virtue

b. Vice

c. Action-based focus

d. Utilitarianism

21. A theory of _____ judges an action based on the moral life and what morality obliges us do

in certain situations.

a. an ethic of virtues

b. an ethic of principles

c. moral principles

d. moral justice

Learning Objective 2.7: Relate virtue ethics to moral decision-making in business

Skill Level: Understand the concepts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

22. The majority of moral decisions are made without thinking through the consequences; these

decisions are made through the _____ processes.

a. conscious

b. ethical reasoning

c. unconscious

d. logical reasoning

23. According to psychologist Scott Reynolds, when we find ourselves in new situations that

require a reasoning process, the _____ takes over conscious reasoning.

a. casuistry

b. action principle

c. ethics of virtue

d. C-system

24. Which of the following types of moral decision-making relies on past situations where there

was a clear ethical response based on sound ethical reasoning?

a. Cultural

b. Casuistry

c. Intention

d. X-system

25. According to social psychologist Marc Hauser, when someone purposely harms another

person, it is morally worse than the same level of harm created as a side effect of a positive goal.

Which of the principles for guiding moral judgment is being applied?

a. The contact principle

b. The paradigm principle

c. The intention principle

d. The action principle

26. Explain the moral difference between rights and justice.

27. Describe three issues that make determining utilitarianism difficult.

28. Discuss the three features of moral rights that establish enabling and protective functions.

interference with the ability to pursue areas of interest. This results in each of us being

autonomous equals in our pursuits. The third area of moral rights provides a basis for justifying

actions and seeking protection or aid from others. A moral right to do something means there is

moral justification for doing it. If one has a right to do something, then there should be no

interference. Others may prevent the exercising of the rights or have a duty to aid in exercising

the right. An example of this would be a stronger person helping to defend the rights of a weaker

person.

Topic: Rights and Duties

Learning Objective 2.3: Examine a rights-based approach to business ethics

29. Describe how socialism supports justice based on needs and abilities of people.

30. There are several criticisms of the ethic of care. Discuss two of those criticisms and create

responses to address them.

31. Discuss the four standards used as the basis of moral judgments.

The standards of justice indicate how benefits and burdens should be distributed to members of a

group. These standards must be used when evaluating actions that could have different

distributive effects. These standards consider whether the behavior shares the benefits and

burdens equally or based on needs, abilities, contributions and free choices of people.

The standards of caring indicate the kind of care that is owed to those we have relationships with,

especially when there is dependency involved. These standards incorporate information about

individual characteristics and needs of people, our relationship with those people, and the types

and levels of caring expected in those relationships that will allow those relationships to

continue.

Topic: Integrating Utility, Rights, Justice, and Caring

Learning Objective 2.6: Evaluate an approach to business ethics that combines four main moral

standards

32. Describe how an ethic of virtue can enhance the principles of utilitarianism, rights, justice,

and caring.

33. Discuss how the unconscious process uses past experiences to effect the moral decision-

making process.