CHAPTER 3 SAMPLE QUIZ QUESTIONS
3.1. Which of the following crane controls are properly described as “dead man
controls?“
b. toggle switches
c. latching detents
d. ground jumped to neutral
ref. p. 59
3.2. Name the four principal approaches to hazard control and avoidance.
3.3. Name three fail-safe principles
2. Fail-safe principle of redundancy
3. Principle of worst case
ref. p. 58
3.4. “Murphy’s Law” has led to the application of which of the primary fail-safe
principles?
3.5. Describe at least two drawbacks to the engineering approach to safety and
health.
1. Unusual circumstances can render the engineering solution
inappropriate or unsafe.
2. Workers often remove or defeat devices designed to protect them from
hazards.
3. Engineered systems may engender a false sense of security.
4. The engineered system may cause another hazard.
ref. p. 62-64
3.6. The rubella link to birth defects is a classical study of which of the following?
a. fault tree analysis
c. toxicology
d. failure modes and effects analysis
ref. p. 74
3.7. Name at least two of the four prominent examples of epidemiological studies of
occupational diseases:
3.8. A certain type of injury has tangible costs of $40,000 per occurrence and
intangible costs of $150,000 per occurrence. Injury frequency is .05 per year but
would be reducible to .01 per year with the installation of a new guarding
system. Calculate the annual benefit the new system provide.
3.9 What is the principal drawback of accident analysis?
3.10. Label the logic codes for each of the symbols shown.
3.11. Complete the diagram by drawing in the appropriate logic symbol in the space
provided.
3.12. Complete the diagram by drawing in the appropriate logic symbol in the space
provided.
3.13. The illustration depicts a problem with which of the four approaches to hazard
avoidance?
3.14. Using statistical analysis to link the occurrence of lung fibrosis to workers who
are exposed to asbestos is best classified as which of the following types of
studies:
a. toxicology
b. fault tree analysis
d. failure modes and effects analysis
ref. p. 74-75
3.15. Explain the purpose of the “hazards classification scale” as explained in the text.
3.16. Cost is a critical element included in the “Ten-point scale for Hazards
Classification” as set forth in the text.
3.17. What two elements are conspicuous in their absence from the Hazards
Classification Scale as set forth in the text?
3.18. OSHA has proposed a “Ten-Point Scale for Classification of Hazards.”
3.19. The “Ten-Point Scale for Classification of Hazards” was generated by OSHA to
clarify legal definitions of “imminent danger,” “serious violations,” etc.
a. True
b. False
ref. p. 77
3.20. Toxicology is the study of the nature and effects of poisons.
3.21. A certain company estimates that implementation of a safety glasses policy will
cost $8000 per year. Eye injuries are rare in this plant, but 2 have occurred over
the past five years at a cost of $50,000 each including direct costs and
estimated hidden intangible costs. It is believed that the proposed safety
glasses policy will reduce the hazard of eye injuries by 75%. If interest and
inflation are ignored, the $20,000 actual cost is assumed to be typical of eye
injury costs. Perform a cost/benefit analysis to weigh the benefits of the
proposed safety glasses policy against its expected costs.
3.22. Explain why the enforcement approach is difficult to apply to the problem of
controlling hazards.
3.23. Which one of the analytical methods for hazard analysis and avoidance has
difficulty dealing with “maybe” situations?
3.24. Which of the following is said to “deal with absolutes?”
a. Epidemiology
b. Toxicology
c. FMEA
ref. p. 68
3.25. Which of the analytical methods for hazard analysis and avoidance is said to
“deal with absolutes?”
3.26. What drawback do fault tree analysis and the enforcement approach to hazard
avoidance have in common?
3.27. FMEA is classified as belonging to which of the following approaches to hazard
avoidance?
a. Enforcement
b. Psychological
c. Engineering
ref. p. 65
3.28. The fault tree method is classified as belonging to which of the following
approaches to hazard avoidance?
a. Enforcement
b. Psychological
c. Engineering
ref. p. 66
3.29. Toxicology is classified as belonging to which of the following approaches to
hazard avoidance?
a. Enforcement
b. Psychological
c. Engineering
ref. p. 72
3.30. Epidemiology is classified as belonging to which of the following approaches to
hazard avoidance?
a. Enforcement
b. Psychological
c. Engineering
ref. p. 74
3.31. The Loss Incident Causation Model method is classified as belonging to which of
the following approaches to hazard avoidance?
a. Enforcement
b. Psychological
c. Engineering
ref. p. 70
3.32. Murphy’s Law is addressed by which of the following approaches to hazard
avoidance?
a. Enforcement
b. Psychological
d. none of the above
ref. p. 60
3.33. The Principle of Redundancy is addressed by which of the following approaches
to hazard avoidance?
a. Enforcement
b. Psychological
d. none of the above
ref. p. 60
3.34. The Principle of Worst Case is addressed by which of the following approaches
to hazard avoidance?
a. Enforcement
b. Psychological
d. none of the above
ref. p. 60
3.35. Two different scenarios will lead to the point of irreversibility for a particular
accident. Hazards A and B are both considered essential conditions for the first
scenario. Hazard C is considered a sufficient condition in and of itself in the
second scenario. Draw a fault tree diagram that describes the relationship
between hazard A, B, and C and the accident.
ref. p. 66-70
3.36. Which of the following analyses is considered a posteriori?
a. accident analysis
b. fault tree analysis
c. failure modes and effects analysis
dd. toxicology
ref. p. 65
3.37. Explain the term “epidemiology” as it relates to the field of occupational safety
and health. Name two workplace hazards that have been identified by this
method.
3.38. A proposed engineering control is expected to cut the accident rate in half for a
given process. Cost data for accidents with this process have been estimated
by auditors as follows (average cost per accident):
DIRECT HIDDEN TOTAL
FREQUENCY
COSTS COSTS COSTS
PER YEAR
First aid cases none 200 200 6.0
Med. treatment cases 200 900 1100 1.5
Lost time cases 300 2000 2300 0.5
No-injury cases 200 200 400 0.5
Calculate the total annual accident cost reduction benefit expected for this
proposed engineering control.
3.39. Five different and independent conditions (A, B, C, D, and E) can contribute to
the cause of an accident (Event X). Condition A is of itself sufficient cause to
result in accident X. Either condition B or condition C can cause the accident X
if either D or E also occur. Draw the Fault Tree that represents the above-
described causal relationship.
3.40. The Risk Assessment Code (RAC) used by the U.S. Air Force ranks hazards
according to what two factors?
2. Mishap severity
ref. p. 80
3.41. The Risk Assessment Code (RAC) used by the U.S. Air Force identifies five
different levels of risk. Name these five levels:
2. Serious
3. Moderate
4. Minor
5. Negligible
ref. p. 80
3.42. How many levels of “severity” are considered in the Risk Assessment Code
(RAC) used by the U.S. Air Force?
3.43. How many levels of “mishap probability” are considered in the Risk Assessment
Code (RAC) used by the U.S. Air Force?
3.44. A hazard must be in the highest categories of both “mishap severity” and
“mishap probability” to be identified as a RAC “code 1-imminent danger.”
3.45. A hazard can be in the second level of severity and still be classified as
“imminent danger” according to the RAC code.
3.46. Can a risk of fatality ever be considered “moderate?” Explain your reasoning.
3.47. Under what circumstances can a risk of fatality be rated as only a “moderate”
hazard?
3.48. When a fire can result in a loss that exceeds $1,000,000, can the hazard ever
be considered “moderate” under the Air Force Risk Assessment Code? Explain
your reasoning.
3.49. The Risk Assessment Code (RAC) used by the U.S. Air Force rates a fatality
hazard as “serious” regardless of mishap probability.
3.50. The risk of a lost workday mishap can never be considered “negligible” under
the Air Force Risk Assessment Code.
a. True
b. False
ref. p. 80
3.51. It is improper to classify any hazard as “negligible” under the Risk Assessment
Code if there is the possibility that it will occur in time.
a. True
b. False
ref. p. 80
3.52. The British Standard Code of Practise for Safety of Machinery considers
(assigns points to) how many different criteria in the classification of hazards?
3.53. What three criteria of hazard classification are addressed by the British
Standard Code of Practise for Safety of Machinery?
2. potential for injury
3. frequency of access
ref. p. 81
3.54. The British “Standard Code of Practise for Safety of Machinery” considers
(assigns points to) three different criteria in the classification of hazards.
3.55. Explain the difference between the concepts of “potential for injury” and
“frequency of access” as used by the British Standard Code of Practise for
Safety of Machinery.
3.56. The text compares two national priorities for risk abatement. What are these two
national priorities?
3.57. Which risk, asbestos or radon, is considered higher priority for elimination in the
United States? Justify your answer.
3.58. Which risk, asbestos or radon, is a more serious hazard in the United States?
Justify your answer.
3.59. Demonstrate your knowledge of fault-tree construction by drawing an example
diagram, labeling event causes and results for a familiar accident. You may use
one of the examples used in the book or devise a simple example of your own,
using commonly understood causes to demonstrate your knowledge of the
logical relationships.
3.60. Draw the fault-tree diagram that represents the following causal relationships:
Event A can (and will) result in an accident if Cause B is also present. However,
both Cause C and Cause D must be present for Cause B to happen. Cause B
will definitely happen if Cause C and Cause D are present.
3.61. Which of the following is identified as first preference in the “three lines of
defense” in the elimination of workplace hazards?
a. Enforcement
c. Psychological
d. Analytical
ref. p. 57
3.62. The second principle of “Engineering Principles of Safe Design” is “substitute.”
Explain this principle. In your explanation include at least two example substitutions.
3.63. A proposed engineering improvement to a process is expected to reduce
accidents by a significant amount. The engineering improvement will represent an
annual process cost of $5000, including interest and amortization of the original
investment. The average direct Workers Compensation costs attributable to the type of
accident that would be prevented is approximately $4000 per accident. Perform a cost
benefit analysis to determine how much improvement in accident prevention would be
necessary to justify this engineering improvement. Justify your analysis by stating any
reasonable assumptions that are necessary.
4.4 < .25)
Ref. p. 75-76 and Chapter 2, pp. 35-39
3.64. Safety from the ground up is a movement that gets managers out on the shop
floor assessing the safety of employees.
3.65. PPE is the most preferred method of dealing with hazards.
3.66 Why is PPE the least-preferred line of defense?
3.67 In what ways can slowing a process down make it safer?
3.68 The fishbone diagram was developed by:
a. Kaoru Ishikawa
b. Dr. W. Edwards Deming
c. Walter Shewhart
ref. p. 70
3.69 What is the central premise to Swiss Cheese Theory and how is it applied to
safety?
3.70 Give an example of a practical application of Swiss cheese theory.
3.71 What is the advantage of safety from the ground up?