1. Psychology as a science emerged out of the West at the height of the
_________.
a. Middle Ages
b. Colonial period
c. Cold War
d. Eighteenth century
2. Which of the following relates to the phrase, “emancipatory political role
for psychology”?
a. an objective of global psychology
b. an objective of the first world of psychology
c. an objective of psychology as a science
d. an objective of the early psychologists
3. Global consciousness among adolescents of the world today may result in
a. cognitive delays.
b. bicultural identity and/or possible loss of ties to the specific place
of their upbringing.
c. increased acting out.
d. decrease in adaptive capacity.
4. Which of the following best explains the differences in the contributions
of the “three worlds” to the discipline of psychology?
a. intellect
b. population
c. economic and sociopolitical capacities
d. all of the above
5. Which of the following best states the purpose and relevance of global
psychological associations?
a. international cooperation and exchange to advance the discipline
b. to diminish the significance of research methods in the discipline
c. to advance the cause of women and other minorities in the
discipline
d. to raise money for research in the discipline
6. Why is psychology dependent upon internationality?
a. it is mandated now in the discipline by theAPA
b. it is mandated now by the European Federation of Professional
Psychologists
c. globalization has brought psychology, in varying degrees, to
peoples from all over the world
d. it is now mandated by the International Union of Psychological
Science
7. Why might more traditional psychologists resist discussions of post-
modernism in relation to psychology?
a. post-modern rejects the notion of scientific findings as absolute
truths
b. post-modernism supports the idea of truth as socially constructed
c. post-modernism celebrates difference rather than a melting pot
mentality
d. all of the above are possible reasons
8. Which of the following would be a benefit of universalism?
a. no real benefits of this exist
b. it eliminates the need for extensive research studies of various
cultures
c. it reveals that human beings across cultures can never be compared
d. it promotes the idea that basic human characteristics are common
to all members of the species, and that culture influences the
display of these characteristics
9. Although there is an interest in applying psychology globally, why has not
the field been pervasively successful in the “third world” areas?
a. the lack of “first world” relevance to specific social problems of
these regions
b. not enough “first world” journals get exported to “third world”
regions
c. “third world” areas reject ideas of relativism found in the “first
world”
d. the reason is still largely unknown
10. What is the purpose of the authors’ presentation of the concept
“indigenous psychologies” in the first chapter?
a. the authors want to emphasize the significance of science as
absolute truth
b. the authors want to downplay the USA’s influence on the discipline
of psychology
c. the authors want to highlight the significance of cultural relevance
when attempting to solve social problems in many “third world”
areas
d. the authors want the readers to know how well indigenous
psychologies have been integrated presently into the mainstream of
psychology
1. How does American psychology influence other disciplines?
a. through psychiatry’s broad reliance on many psychological doctrines
b. it primarily only influences the field of medicine
c. due to psychology’s breadth, the field now contributes to many professions
d. it influences other disciplines via the use of the DSM manual in most human
services work
2. Which of the following was the focus of psychology from 1900 to 1945?
a. children’s health
b. women’s health
c. mental illness
d. wellness
3. Which of the following IS NOT one of the concerns of psychologists today?
a. diversity
b. modernism
c. credentials
d. prescription priviledges
4. Which of the following is an indication of globalization’s impact on the discipline of
psychology?
a. the increased emphasis on modernism
b. creation of a division called “Trauma”
c. creation of a division called “International Psychology”
d. the increased emphasis on prescription privileges
5. Which of the following is NOT required to be a “Fellow” of the APA?
a. nomination by colleagues
b. noteworthy achievements in the field
c. general membership in the APA
d. possession of the Ph.D. or Psy. D. for at least 15 years
6. Where is the future of psychology headed?
a. towards the earliest ideas of spiritualism
b. towards the idea of the modern era
c. towards increased communication between practitioners and researchers
d. towards an increased interest in hypnosis
7. How did Munsterberg’s study of mind-reading advance the discipline of psychology?
a. it made hypnosis more acceptable
b. it made spiritualism more acceptable
c. it made diversity more acceptable
d. it drew attention to the mind-body discussion
8. What is the reason why the “schools of psychology” dissipated around the early 1940s?
a. because of Freud’s death
b. because of Watson’s death
c. because of Dewey’s death
d. because of the loss of homogeneity among the thinking of psychologists
9. Which of the following is a reason for studying the history of psychology?
a. it’s interesting
b. it’s required for prescription privileges in the field
c. it is mandated by the APA
d. it helps us to acknowledge changing interpretations of past theories and research
findings
1. Which of the following Confucian Moral Qualities seems to relate to later Freudian
ideas?
a. relationships
b. personal authenticity
c. prudence
d. suffering arises from desire
2. The Buddhist teaching regarding Nirvana is equivalent to which modern day
psychological principle?
a. id
b. ego
c. self-actualization
d. fixation
3. Which of the following was the first to develop of the four river valley civilizations?
a. Egyptian
b. Mesopotamian
c. Indus
d. Chinese
4. Why is it that Scholasticism could be said to be an attempt to compromise, regarding the
ways of knowing?
a. because practitioners and scientists tried to be more supportive of one another’s
professions
b. because practitioners of Judaism and Islam tried to be more sensitive to one
another’s beliefs
c. because great thinkers tried to reconcile rationality and faith
d. because great thinkers tried to reconcile monism and dualism
5. Which of the following was NOT studied by Niccolo Machiavelli during the Renaissance
period?
a. group behaviors based upon the exercise of power
b. leadership studies
c. socialization and suggestibility
d. stimulus-response behavior
6. Renaissance scientists established the foundation of ___________.
a. mentalism
b. materialism
c. modern science
d. scholasticism
7. Which of the following reflects how Descartes was influential in mind-body discussions?
a. he advanced discussions of the biological influences on the mind
b. he advanced discussions of the mental influences on the body
c. he advanced discussions of faith as a way of knowing the mind
d. he advanced discussions of systematic observations of the mind
8. How was the Renaissance influenced by religion, philosophy, science, and politics?
a. these disciplines led to the closed-mindedness of Renaissance thinkers
b. these disciplines led to increased growth of attitudes of curiosity
c. these disciplines led to dismissal of a spirit of optimism
d. these disciplines led to increased reliance on the dogma of Scholasticism
9. To which of the following Renaissance thinkers do we attribute ideas about scientific
methodology?
a. Descartes
b. Aristotle
c. Francis Bacon
d. Martin Luther
10. Humans have always constructed organized ____________ to address fundamental
questions about human nature and the meaning or purpose of life.
a. river valleys
b. knowledge systems
c. rituals
d. relationships
11. Greek philosophers advocated that people put their faith in the processes of
naturalism and ____________.
a. faith
b. moral codes
c. rationalism
d. supernatural powers
12. Which of the following has not been a longstanding way of knowing?
a. rationality/reason
b. systematic observation
c. faith
d. hypnosis
1. Which of the following was an early statement about spinal cord nerves that was later
proved to be accurate?
a. nervous fluid flowed through neural pipes and terminated in muscles, causing
bodily movements
b. anterior or ventral roots were responsible for voluntary movement
c. posterior or dorsal roots managed involuntary movements
d. there is a cranial nerve specific for face sensation and a cranial nerve specific to
controlling muscles involved in facial expressions
2. We can attribute all but which of the following to Rene Descartes’ work?
a. systematic study of the early foundations of spinal cord reflexes
b. discovery of linkage between sensory and motor capacities of the nerves
c. discovery of the potential connections between peripheral nerves and the spinal
cord and brain
d. discovery of the use of the ablation method
3. Which of the following best explains why the 90s is known as the decade of the brain?
a. because it was the decade of the discovery of the lesioning method
b. because it was the decade of the discovery of the split brain findings
c. because it was the decade of increased funding for the study of neurotransmitters
and drug treatments for disorders
d. because it was the decade of enhancements in the use of the microelectrode
4. Which of the following is relevant to the knowledge gained from the split brain research
of Gazzaniga and Sperry?
a. corpus callosum
b. cranial nerve V
c. cranial nerve VII
d. arcuate fasciculus
5. Which of the following phrases best characterizes the purpose of chapter 5 on the
biological foundations of psychology?
a. to convey that “mind matters”
b. to convey that “matter does not equal mind”
c. to convey “matter makes mind”
d. to convey “mind-body split”
6. What was the objective of the authors’ section in chapter 5 on “minds and monkeys”?
a. to present a discussion about psychological evolution (i.e., evolution of the mind)
b. to demonstrate that only humans have a mind
c. to convey that mind cannot be studied in animals
d. to convey that animal research on the mind began as early as 1900
7. Reinstatement, revivification, and ablation are the three components of which of the
following?
a. localization of function method
b. PET scan procedure
c. mesmerism
d. hypnotic age regression
8. Which of the following would be the accurate description of why the authors of your text
included the section in chapter 6 on psychoneuroimmunology?
a. as evidence of dualism
b. as evidence of mind-body connection
c. as evidence of materialism
d. as evidence of mentalism
9. Which of the following phrases best characterizes the purpose of Chapter 6: Phrenology,
Mesmerism, and Hypnosis?
a. to convey that “mind matters”
b. to convey that “matter does not equal mind”
c. to convey “matter makes mind”
d. to convey “mind-body split”
10. Which of the following statements is true about the early schools of hypnosis?
a. the two schools were not significantly different
b. artificial somnambulism was used at the Nancy School only
c. the Parisian school advocated that those susceptible to hypnosis had an underlying
neurological disorder
d. the Parisian school advocated the use of magnets being placed on different parts
of the body
11. Intelligence as significant, fatigue of the muscles of the eye, and enhanced memory are
each listed in the text as
a.mental processes
b. myths about hypnosis
c.state models of hypnosis
d. evidence of psychoneuroimmunology
12. The ideas of Baruch Spinoza were 1) mind and body are inseparable, 2) free will does not
exist, and 3) _____________.
a. thoughts and behaviors resulting from passion are irrational
b. all emotions are irrational
c. the shape of the skull relates to personality
d. the soul provides access to universal knowledge
13. The ideas of Leibniz called monadology best relate to the concepts of _________ and
____________.
a. rationality; emotions
b. hedonism; monism
c. passion; personality
d. subliminal perception; thresholds of awareness
1. What is Ebbinghaus’s relationship to associationism?
a. he is responsible for coining the term
b. he was a traditional behaviorist
c. he advanced interest in the connection of ideas leading to the formation of
memories
d. he was a positivist
2. Which of the following was most important to the positivist?
a. memory
b. ideas
c. associations
d. observations
3. Analogy tests; sentence completion tasks; experimental study of higher mental processes
—These are all associated with which of the following persons from this chapter on
associationism?
a. James Mill
b. Immanuel Kant
c. Herman Ebbinghaus
d. George Berkeley
4. Which of the following best characterizes John Locke?
a. Avoiding pain is most important
b. feelings are most important
c. subjectivity is most important
d. experiences are most important
5. Immanuel Kant believed which of the following?
a. materialism is all that is important
b. immortal truth is all that matters
c. the experience of all objects is affected by the mind’s subjectivity
d. the law of effect is all that is worthy of study
6. Which of the following was rejected by Berkeley?
a. belief in God
b. mentalism
c. the importance of experiences
d. materialism
7. The “liberation from our biological roots” is attributed to which of the following?
a. positivists
b. realists
c. empiricists
d. hedonists
8. “Resemblance,” “contiguity,” and the “association of ideas” are all related to which of the
following?
a. conditioning
b. schema
c. observation
d. free will
9. What was the primary idea of James Mill’s that was also related to Spinoza’s idea?
a. behavior is deterministic (motivated by pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain)
b. all humans do indeed have free will
c. mind and body are distinct
d. emotions are never rational
10. Bain’s approach to studying behavior involved
a. reliance on innate moral truths
b. strong materialistic approach
c. direct observations of behaviors and consequences
d. focus on the subjectivity of the mind
1. Which of the following describes the research interests of Wundt?
a. focus on learning
b. focus on free will
c. focus on content of the mind
d. focus on function of the mind
2. What was believed by Wundt to cause the stimulus error?
a. thinking too much
b. daydreaming and fantasizing
c. anxiety
d. relying on memory
3. Which of the following best explains why so many early psychologists wanted to study
with Wundt?
a. because he was a German
b. because he was a philosopher
c. because he was using specific scientific methods to do experimental research
d. because he was testing and applying theories of hypnosis
4. For which of the following was Wundt criticized?
a. for only studying animals
b. for focusing on hypnosis
c. for creating the stimulus error
d. for failing to account for imageless thought
5. All but which of the following characterizes John Dewey?
a. pragmatist
b. nativist
c. progressive
d. activist
6. How was functionalism different from structuralism?
a. it focused exclusively on the study of animals
b. it focused on adaptive qualities of the mind and behavior
c. it focused on the material aspect of consciousness
d. it focused on feelings
7. Charles Darwin is presented in the chapter on functionalism because ________.
a. he created the earliest intelligence tests
b. he suggested the need for a formal association of psychologists
c. he did applied work in which he investigated the physical differences across
species
d. he did applied work in which he investigated animal minds
8. Which of the following fields of study can be associated with John Dewey’s ideas?
a. comparative psychology
b. sensation and perception
c. voluntarism
d. educational psychology
9. All but which of the following statements are true?
a. the APA was officially founded in 1892
b. many early psychologists supported eugenics and racial superiority theories of
intelligence
c. Wundt and his students of introspection emphasized the importance of studying
adolescence
d. Structuralism was the American version of the Wundtian study of images,
thoughts, and feelings
10. What is the field of study known as “psychophysics”?
a. the belief in mind over matter
b. the belief in matter over mind
c. the belief that variation in stimuli (i.e., intensity) produces varying psychological
experiences or interpretations
d. the belief that mind and matter are separate and distinct
11. Which of the following represents the earliest viewpoint on how experiments should be
conducted?
a. the sample size must be at least 100
b. the sample size must be at least 30
c. experimenters must not have any contact with research participants
d. experimenters must thoroughly conduct their own self-tests of the hypotheses
12. Which of the following characterizes the point of view of the pragmatist, i.e., William
James?
a. there are no universal truths
b. psychology should pursue the search for universal truths
c. science is the one truth
d. introspection is the key to universal truth
13. Which of the following explains why it may be initially difficult to concentrate during
meditation, even under quiet conditions?
a. meditation is not rational
b. meditation causes the stimulus error
c. meditation causes apperception
d. meditation must compete with the stream of consciousness
14. What is “Social Darwinism”?
a. belief in free will
b. belief that social problems are due to some individuals being less biologically fit
c. belief that social problems are due to differences in experiences
d. belief in pragmatism
15. Any form of ___________ psychology is an outgrowth of functionalism.
a. basic
b. comparative
c. psychophysical
d. applied
1. The S-O-R model states that in all cases of drive reduction, cognitive and _______ states
of the organism intervene between the stimulus and response.
a. emotional
b. physiological
c. cultural
d. paranormal
2. The response model of learning differs from the other two models in its focus on
__________.
a. personality
b. cognitive maps
c. consequences
d. unconditioned stimuli
3. Historically, up until Watson’s _________, psychology focused upon studies of adult
human consciousness utilizing the method of instropection.
a. law of mass action
b. law of equipotentiality
c. psychical doctrine
d. behaviorist doctrine
4. Which of the following was NOT one of the three fundamental unconditioned emotions
identified by Watson in his lab studies at Hopkins?
a. guilt
b. fear
c. love
d. rage
5. What knowledge did Watson and Raynor have that should have impacted their work with
Little Albert?
a. they knew that Albert was already a victim of emotional abuse
b. they knew precisely when their last day of testing would be with Albert
c. they knew that Albert had a heart condition
d. they knew that Albert had a preexisting fear of many animals
6. Why does the author of “Whatever Happened to Little Albert?” refer to the Albert study
as social science folklore?
a. the study actually never happened
b. Watson denied many of the findings
c. the study was never replicated
d. many of the details were distorted or exaggerated
7. Watson identified __________ as the most important psychological process to shape and
explain behavior.
a. emotions
b. hormones
c. learning
d. consciousness
8. Why is Karl Lashley presented in the chapter on behaviorism?
a. he is responsible for initiating behaviorism
b. he was a staunch opponent of behaviorism
c. he studied the effects of brain damage on learning
d. he proved that all forms of learning are handled equally in the brain
9. Which of the following is a principle of the neobehaviorists?
a. findings from animal studies of learning can be generalized to humans
b. consciousness should remain the goal of psychology
c. behavior is not always deterministic
d. psychologists may not be able to explain all forms of learning
10. Many persons have experienced feeling sleepy while driving; there are specific behaviors
that we may engage in to combat the sleep. We are more likely to repeat the behaviors
that work best to reduce the motivation to sleep. This is related to what concepts in this
chapter?
a. emotions
b. drive state and habit strength
c. consciousness
d. insight learning
11. When we experience “hope,” this is the equivalent of ________ according to Mowrer?
a. drive induction
b. insight learning
c. latent learning
d. drive reduction
12. Skinner believed that two goals of psychology should be ________.
a. explain and observe behavior
b. study of learning and cognition
c. prediction and control of behavior
d. description and explanation of behavior
13. According to the ideas of Bandura, attention, reproduction, retention, and ________ are
necessary for learning to take place.
a. conditioning
b. observations
c. intellect
d. motivation
14. Positive psychology is most different from behaviorism in its focus on __________
instead of focus on reinforcements and punishments.
a. human strengths and virtues
b. stimulus-response
c. cognitive maps
d. latent learning
1. The first time that I heard the song Waiting on the World to Change, I liked it. von
Ehrenfels would have said that this is largely due to my _________, not the song itself.
a. phenomenal world
b. noumenal world
c. temperament
d. openness
2. “The brain organizes and interprets events differently than merely what is presented by
sensory neurons.” This explains which of the following?
a. learning
b. motivation
c. problem solving
d. phi phenomenon
3. Which of the following exemplifies how Kurt Lewin (1890-1947) further expanded
Gestalt psychology?
a. he incorporated many of Wundt’s ideas into Gestalt psychology
b. he helped the ideas to be more applied
c. he helped psychologists to understand more about movement
d. he discovered many absolute psychological laws
4. What was Kohler’s specific criticism of Thorndike’s trial and error learning?
a. he did not believe that punishment was necessary for learning
b. he did not believe that classical conditioning was necessary for learning
c. he believed that seeing the “big picture” or the “whole problem” eliminates
reliance on trial and error learning
d. he believed that isomorphism eliminates reliance on trial and error learning
5. What is the significance of concepts such as “proximity,” “closure,” and “figure/ground”?
a. these terms were what helped spread Gestalt ideas to America
b. these were the key principles of insight learning
c. these concepts were also the same ideas studied by the German psychologists in
Wundt’s lab
d. these are some of the basic Gestalt principles of perceptual organization
6. What is the historical significance of the New School for Social Research?
a. it is where the school of Gestalt Psychology was founded
b. it is the school that the Nazis were successful in closing down
c. it is the school where Wertheimer first tested his theories of perception
d. it is the school that provided a haven for academic freedom for many scholars
escaping fascist Germany
7. Kohler’s belief was that “learning and problem solving” are ________ rather than solely
behavioral phenomena.
a. cognitive
b. mechanical
c. thoughtless
d. emotional
8. Which of the following best describes why Immanuel Kant is mentioned in this chapter
on Gestalt psychology?
a. because of his ideas on space form and time form
b. because he laid the groundwork for Gestalt views with his ideas on the
phenomenal world
c. because he laid the groundwork for Gestalt theorists’ support of elementism
d. because of his ideas on fields of force
9. Which of the following is related to the Zeigarnik effect?
a. life space
b. psychological tension
c. gestalten
d. mental fatigue
10. Which of the following best states the authors’ position on the influence of Gestalt
psychology today?
a. it has made behaviorism somewhat obsolete
b. it has influenced the development of cognitive-behavioral theories and approaches
c. gestalt therapy has become the most popular therapy of choice among Americans
d. the gestalt school is not regarded as significant in the field today, due to limited
usefulness
1. Freud’s original view on what caused neuroses, which was a part of the seduction theory,
stated that neuroses were caused by _________?
a. guilt
b. repression
c. childhood sexual abuse
d. fear
2. What is a controversial aspect of Freud’s presentation of the stages of psychosexual
development?
a. he was delirious from late-stage cancer when the theory was created
b. he was under the influence of cocaine when the theory was written
c. the theory was developed on females in a state of hysteria
d. the theory was created with gender bias against females
3. Which of the following did Jung believe to be important to the healing of a patient?
a. hypnosis
b. empowerment of the patient
c. sexual libido
d. the patient-therapist rapport
4. The one time that Freud visited America, it was to speak at what university?
a. Johns Hopkins
b. Clark University
c. Harvard University
d. Cornell University
5. Which of the following statements is true of Freud’s biography, written by Ernest Jones?
a. the biography presented Freud in a more favorable light than was actually true
b. the biography is still today regarded as the definitive account of Freud’s life
c. Jones’s writing on Freud’s life was a correction to some of the myths that
previously existed about Freud’s life
d. the writings are likely the most accurate account of Freud’s life because Jones
wrote the biography with Freud’s daughter, Anna
6. Which of the following personality assessments incorporates Jung’s personality type
theory?
a. the TAT
b. the CPI
c. the MMPI
d. the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
7. Freud’s emphasis was on psychic factors over somatic factors as the cause of mental
illness. He thought this to be especially true as he studied cases of ___________.
a. hysteria
b. demonic possession
c. somnambolism
d. insomnia
8. Which of the following could we say that Freud actually borrowed from Josef Beuer?
a. talk therapy
b. seduction theory
c. dream analysis
d. Oedipus complex
9. The rift between Freud and Breuer has often been stated as related to their disagreement
over which of the following?
a. somatic versus psychical factors
b. use of the method of catharsis
c. use of free association
d. use of the concepts transference and countertransference
10. Focus on the conscious mind, focus on the role of social urges in determining human
behavior, and ideas of an inferiority complex all relate to which of the following?
a. transference
b. free association
c. individual psychology
d. anima/animus
1. Which of the following represents Freud’s view of “object relations”?
a. objects are only secondary to the drives of the individual
b. objects in the individual’s world are highly important to personality development
c. Freud never discussed objects and development
d. the origin of all human behavior can be ultimately traced to objects
2. Which of the following was emphasized in the work of Melanie Klein?
a. transference
b. countertransference
c. fixation
d. unconscious phantasies about objects
3. For Freud, libido was primarily pleasure-seeking whereas for Fairbairn libido was
_________.
a. insignificant
b. object-seeking
c. anxiety-avoiding
d. guilt-ridden
4. Object relations theory is most different from classic psychoanalysis in its belief that the
______ is the core of the psyche.
a. id
b. superego
c. ego
d. phantasy
5. What is meant by “third force” in psychology?
a. the third new wave of pleasure-enhancing drugs
b. the third decade of emphasis on positive human characteristics
c. the third major attempt to explain consciousness
d. a third perspective following the theories espoused by behaviorists and
psychoanalysts
6. Which of the following was Murray’s explanation for why we have a need for
achievement and affiliation?
a. chemical factors in the brain influence these needs
b. we are constantly suffering from insecurity
c. it satisfies the id
d. it satisfies the superego
7. What does Mahler’s stage theory of infant development say about self/identity
development?
a. the child must eventually recognize that the mother is a separate individual
b. the child is often traumatized by the mother
c. the child is hindered in development if an only child
d. the child should not be allowed to have a toy that he or she becomes overly
attached to
8. Which of the following is NOT listed by Fromm as one of the methods used to “escape
from freedom”?
a. ego psychology
b. authoritarianism
c. destructiveness
d. automaton conformity
9. How did Allport’s theory of personality differ dramatically from that of Freud’s?
a. he emphasized object relations
b. he emphasized the conscious, not the unconscious
c. he felt it most important to only emphasize the superego
d. he emphasized projective identification and splitting
10. Which of the following disorders was mentioned by Heinz Kohut as a disorder that was
not treatable using orthodox Freudian psychoanalysis?
a. hysteria
b. anxiety
c. psychosis
d. borderline personality disorder
1. Which of the following is accurate about the variability hypothesis?
a. it was proved to be correct that women showed less variability in math skills
b. it was proved to be correct that women showed less variability in spatial skills
c. it was proved to be correct that men showed greater variability in math skills
d. it was proved that the hypothesis could be rejected after careful experimental
research
2. At the turn of the 20th century, the term “clinical psychology” was synonymous with
_________.
a. hypnosis
b. assessment
c. quackery
d. analysis of the unconscious
3. Which of the following cognitive techniques was originated by a female psychologist?
a. higher order conditioning
b. metamemory studies
c. mnemonics
d. paired associate methodology
4. Women were “forced” to move into applied areas of psychology because of
a. marriage and family
b. higher levels of empathy
c. lack of opportunities in teaching and research
d. better pay in applied areas
5. Which of the following procedures is mentioned in introductory psychology textbooks
but not credited as being originated by an early female psychologist?
a. the token economy
b. systematic desensitization
c. shaping
d. schedules of reinforcement
6. Which of the following did Karen Horneye believe to be significant regarding the study
of healthy development?
a. reduction of anxiety
b. the conscious mind
c. social networks
d. drive reduction
7. Von Bingen’s work of the 12th century is relevant to our discussion of the history of
psychology because she ______________.
a. wrote the first type of psychological text
b. sought answers to many epistemological and cosmological questions
c. worked on the same issues as later structuralists
d. focused on the goals of modern-day psychology
8. What is the “myth of meritocracy” in psychology?
a. men are superior to women intellectually
b. women’s colleges are inferior to men’s colleges
c. race, gender, and class are not relevant to who receives merit in the field
d. all of the above
9. Which of the following universities figures prominently in the history of psychology for
being more accepting of female students?
a. Harvard
b. Cornell
c. Yale
d. Brown
10. Which of the following is a reason why women were not welcome in the earliest
psychology classrooms?
a. they were not thought to be as intellectual
b. they were too easily distracted
c. they were thought to be too distracting to the male students
d. they became too upset by discussions of certain issues
11. A woman is noted in the history of foundational psychology for doing which of the
following?
a. mental health reform
b. heading the APA since the beginning in 1892
c. writing the first classic psychological text
d. doing the first lobotomies
12. Washburn was the first woman to officially receive a Ph.D. in psychology in America.
She was a(n) _______________.
a. hypnotist
b. experimentalist
c. behavioral therapist
d. assessment specialist
1. All but which of the following is listed in the text as a major accomplishment of Dr.
Richard Suinn?
a. first Asian American elected president of APA
b. sports psychologist
c. author of eight books
d. he established the Asian American Psychological Association in 1972
2. The civil rights era and the Vietnam War had a major impact on the career of which of the
following psychologists?
a. Norman Anderson
b. Martha Bernal
c. Francis Sumner
d. Stanley Sue
3. Sumner is the first African American to earn a Ph.D. in psychology. For what other
reason is he often referred to as the “father of Black American Psychologists”?
a. because he conducted the infamous doll study with black children
b. because he was the first African American elected as president of the APA
c. because he turned Howard University into the premier African-American institute
for the study of psychology
d. because he founded the Association of Black Psychologists
4. What is an explanation given in the text for the low representation of Asians in the field
of psychology?
a. invisibility of the profession to many Asian Americans
b. general lack of familiarity with psychology
c. underutilization of psychological services by this population
d. all of the above
5. The Chief Executive Officer of the APA is of what ethnic minority group?
a. Asian
b. Latino
c. Native American
d. African American
6. Which of the following has the specific goal of assuring that departments of psychology
respond to the problem of under-representation of ethnic minorities within the discipline?
a. Association of Black Psychologists
b. Board for the Advancement of Psychology in the Public Interest
c. Minority Fellowship Program
d. The National Latina/o Psychological Association
7. Which of the following represents a previous stance of early APA leaders?
a. only psychologists who attended certain universities were allowed to join
b. only psychologists who paid an astronomical fee for membership could join
c. the mind-body issue was deemed insignificant to the association’s mission
d. they endorsed a very limited role for psychology in social concerns or social
problems
8. Which of the following was one of the demands of The Association of Black
Psychologists, presented to the APA Board of Directors in 1968?
a. a black person should be elected president of the APA
b. a quota of representation of black psychologists should exist in the APA
membership
c. at least one black person should be on the APA Board of Directors
d. psychology graduate programs should begin to aggressively recruit African-
American faculty and students
9. Which of the following accurately describes psychologist Martha Bernal?
a. clinical psychologist
b. first Latina to be elected president of the APA
c. founder of the Minority Fellowship program
d. founder of the American Indian Psychologists Association
10. General Systems Theory (GST) was of great interest to psychologist Carolyn Attneave.
GST involves all but which of the following?
a. systems of values
b. multidisciplinary perspectives
c. the emotional/cognitive systems
d. assimilation
1. Which of the following remains a strong presence in the psychology of Russia compared
to psychology in America?
a. philosophy
b. political science
c. medicine
d. positive psychology
2. What was Kornilov’s objective for psychology?
a. pedology
b. dialectic synthesis
c. pyrotechnics
d. dialectical materialism
3. What are the similarities of Chelpanov of Russia and Wundt of Germany?
a. both advocated the use of introspection
b. both thought the focus of psychology should be faith
c. both provided the impetus for the development of psychology as an independent
science
d. both were strong proponents of materialism
4. Bekhterev thought that he had found an objective method for the study of human
behavior through his investigation of __________.
a. reflexes
b. consciousness
c. Marxism
d. the unconscious
5. There were few psychologists of the pre-revolutionary Russian era and the early Soviet
era. These psychologists came from the __________.
a. military
b. field of medicine
c. West
d. lab of Wundt
6. Sechenov’s ideas as explained in “Reflexes of the Brain” can be regarded as an extreme
_________ perspective.
a. pragmatic
b. materialist
c. positivist
d. mentalist
7. Luria, a student of Vygotsky, was able to conduct research that brought him world
acclaim. All but which of the following is associated with Luria?
a. perestroika
b. lie detector testing
c. study of cultural-historical concepts
d. brain organization of higher psychic functions
8. Who were two of the earliest most respected names in Russian psychology, although they
were not psychologist-practitioners?
a. Luria and Vygotsky
b. Kornilov and Bekhterev
c. Pavlov and Sechenov
d. Chelpanov and Leontiev
9. Social psychological problems arising from conditions in Russian society has presently
led to which of the following in Russia?
a. disinterest in the discipline of psychology
b. increased reliance on positive psychology
c. increased focus on applied fields within psychology
d. increased interest in the work of Pavlov to condition members of society
10. Which of the following represents a similarity of the U.S. in the 1960s and Russia in the
1800s?
a. conservatism
b. turbulence
c. anti-science rhetoric prevailed
d. all of the above
1. What was the impact of China’s cultural revolution on Chinese psychology?
a. psychology was celebrated for its usefulness
b. psychology was condemned as elitist
c. experimentation in labs was begun
d. case studies became the central focus
2. What is an effect of the Chinese economic reform on Chinese psychology?
a. flourishing of psychology departments and labs
b. disbanding of the Chinese Psychological Society
c. the discipline was made illegal to practice
d. psychology was viewed as too individualistic
3. China’s unique indigenous psychology includes all but which of the following?
a. Western psychological theories
b. Chinese philosophy
c. Chinese Medical Model
d. strong influence of the work of Luria and Vygotsky
4. Which of the following is an important event from the 1920s in China?
a. the Chinese Psychological Society resumed operation
b. China’s first psychology lab was established
c. radically repressive policies were enforced by the communist leaders
d. Confucianism was at the height of influence on psychology in China
5. The three “isms” that have influenced Chinese culture and thus Chinese psychology are
Confucianism, communism, and _________.
a. Pluralism
b. taoism
c. marxism
d. relativism
6. One way in which Chinese psychology differs from Western psychology is that the
psychology of China de-emphasizes _______________.
a. cause and effect relationships
b. collectivism
c. human nature
d. philosophy
7. To live according to the _________ means to live passively, calmly, and by means of
nonaction.
a. Jun-zi
b. yin
c. yang
d. tao
8. According to traditional Chinese medicine, psychopathology could be due to an
imbalance of _____________.
a. humors
b. yin and yang
c. jen
d. jun-zi
9. The Jesuits brought to China some of the earliest exposure to psychology. Which of the
following cognitive processes did they write about?
a. language
b. perception
c. memory
d. intelligence
10. Why did Western schools of psychology lose favor in China during the 1950s?
a. due to communism
b. due to individualism
c. due to loss of infrastructure supporting academic and scientific endeavors
d. due to dominance of the I Ching
1. Which of the following “strands” of psychology emphasizes a highly theoretical or
philosophical component?
a. native-based weltanschauung psychology
b. general psychology
c. country- and region-specific psychology
d. liberation psychology
2. Which of the following best characterizes “liberation psychology”?
a. this idea was developed in the 18th century
b. this idea was initially developed to be tested in experimental laboratories
c. this is a paradigm that states that theories always define situations or problems
d. problems should demand or select their own theorization
3. Which of the following seems to be a pervasive problem for the majority of non-Western
indigenous psychologies?
a. overemphasis on research
b. overemphasis on use of case studies
c. prioritization of professionally applied interventions over basic research
d. prioritization of the biomedical approach
4. How does indigenous Indian psychology specifically differ in focus from Western
psychology?
a. the emphasis on materialism
b. the emphasis on consciousness
c. the emphasis on both spiritual and material worlds
d. the emphasis on testing
5. South Africa desperately needs psychologists to assist with which of the following?
a. global psychology
b. schizophrenia increases
c. HIV/AIDS and poverty
d. development of the humanistic perspective
6. There are three common themes for the nations mentioned in this chapter. The three
themes are 1) professional versus scientific priority, 2) shortage of resources, and 3)
__________________.
a. over-reliance on medicine
b. challenge of integrating psychology with their culture
c. over-reliance on spiritual healers
d. lack of true understanding of the usefulness of psychology