Question 1:
Active Transport is the process where ions are pumped against the concentration gradient.
In order to achieve this, ATP is used to stimulate protein carrier pumps. An example of
active transport can be seen in the sodium potassium pump. This protein pumps sodiums
out of the cell into an area with a high concentration of sodium, and it pumps potassium
out of the cell into an area with a high concentration of potassium. Since the pump requires
the movement of ions against the gradient (from an area of low concentration to an area of
high concentration), the cell uses the hydrolysis of ATP to stimulate the protein pump. As
ATP loses a phosphate group and becomes ADP, the phosphate group binds to the protein
pump and activates it in order to pump the sodium and potassium against their gradeints.
Chemiosmosis is a process that involves forming a proton gradient in order to stimulate
ATP synthase and convert ADP into ATP. Chemiosmosis can be found occurring during
aerobic respiration in the mitochondria, chloroplasts, and in bacteria cell membrane. In the
mitochondria, electrons passing down the electron transport chain pump hydrogen ions
from the matrix into the inter-membrane space. This results in a pH difference, and, with
diffusion, the hydrogen ions return to the matrix through a channel in the ATP synthase
structure. As the H+ ions pass through the channel, they stimulate the enzyme to produce
ATP by adding a phosphate group to an ADP. Similarly, in the chloroplasts, the hydrogen
