THE SEVEN WASTES IN MANUFACTURING
1. Over-production
Producing more than and / or ahead of demand.
The result of producing to speculative (forecast)
demand or supposed economic batches, it is
visible as excessive, time consuming and costly
material stores.
2. Waiting
Whether for the previous, current or next step
in the process, the result is wasted worker time.
The goal is to maximize the utilization and / or
efficiency of operatives first and machines second.
3. Transportation
Unnecessary transport of materials, WIP (work
in progress) and finished goods adds zero value
to the product. Instead of improving transportation
processes and systems, lean thinking first favours
minimizing or eliminating them.
4. Non-value added processing
Doing more work than is necessary, according
to the ‘value’ principle — often due to poor
plant layout or misguided attempts to recover
expensive machinery costs. Lean essentially
advocates using simpler, lower cost tools, cell
manufacturing and / or combining steps,
where possible.
5. Unnecessary motion
Relating to people bending, stretching or walking
too far, due primarily to the inappropriate
location (and potentially also design) of tools,
parts inventories and fixtures. Instead of simply
automating wasted motion, lean requires that
the operations themselves be improved.
6. Excess inventory
Specifically referring to WIP between operations
and purchased parts within the supply chain,
frequently resulting from overproduction, usually
due to excessively large batch manufacturing
or processes with long cycle times — leading in
turn to cost and clutter. This waste also creates
additional waste in the form of increased lead–
times, excessive floor space requirements,
extra handling, high interest charges, avoidable
people movement and paperwork and, again,
the associated costs.
7. Defects
Producing defective parts or products results
in rework and scrap and invariably adds
significantly to manufacturing costs. Lean focuses
on preventing the occurrence of defects, rather
than improving the processes around finding and
repairing them.
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