[HP1000 T3] TUTORIAL 8
TA: Michelle Nee
Contact: mnee001@e.ntu.edu.sg
▪Intelligence testing has a history of controversy, but most psychologists now view
intelligence as a normally distributed trait that can be measured by
performance on a variety of tasks.
▪Some psychologists believe that intelligence comprises one general factor, g, while
others believe that intelligence is a collection of distinct abilities.
1. Psychometric Theories of Intelligence
▪Spearman’s g Factor
▪Cattell’s Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence
2. Cognitive Theories of Intelligence
▪Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory
▪Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence
3. Cultural Definitions of Intelligence
▪to understand and cooperate with people of diverse heritage, need to resist the impulse to
impose own definition of “intelligence” on others
▪g factor –the ability to reason and solve problems, or general intelligence.
▪s factor –the ability to excel in certain areas, or specific intelligence.
▪Assumed that this general factor g is innate
Cattell’s Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence
▪Fluid intelligence (Gf)
▪Ability to see complex relationship, to reason and solve novel problems.
▪Often measured by tests of block design and spatial visualization
▪Crystalized intelligence (Gc)
▪knowledge person acquired
▪the ability to use previous skills, knowledge, and experience to solve problems.
▪Measured by tests of vocab, arithmetic and general information
1. Practical intelligence ( “ street–smart”)
▪Ability to cope and adapt to environment
▪Self-awareness of own strength and limits is an important component
2. Analytical intelligence
▪Abilities measured by most IQ tests, includes ability to analyse problem and find correct answer
3. Creative intelligence
▪Help develop new ideas and discover new relationship among concepts; related to insight and
creativity
4. Wisdom
▪Relatively new
▪Using one’s intelligence toward a common good rather than selfish pursuit
▪Wisdom is one predictor of well-being in later life ( Bianchi, 1994; Hartman, 2000).
Theory suggest each intelligence is independent of each other; inaccurate to think of single IQ
as summarizing mental abilities.
https://gradeslam.org/blog/multiple-intelligence-theory-is–it-real
Spearman
Cattell
Sternberg
Gardner
G factor
Crystallised intelligence
Fluid intelligence
Analytical intelligence
Naturalistic intelligence
Logical
-mathematical
intelligence
Linguistic intelligence
Spatial intelligence
Musical intelligence
Bodily
-kinesthetic
intelligence
Creative intelligence
Practical intelligence
Interpersonal intelligence
Intrapersonal intelligence
Which one of the following would be an example of the confirmation bias at
work?
a. Mary ignores negative information about her favourite political candidate
