Running head: THE EFFECT OF LEVEL OF PROCESSING ON 1
The Effect of Level -of-Processing on Explicit vs. Implicit Memory
California State University, San Bernardino
Author Note
Correspondence concerning this paper should be addressed to Department of Psychology,
California State University, San Bernardino 5500 University parkway, San Bernardino CA
92407-2318
THE EFFECT OF LEVEL OF PROCESSING ON 2
Abstract
Level of processing (LOP) where first introduced by (Craik and Lockhart, 1972) which
focused on complexity of processing memory. The study also investigates the two level
of pressing explicit and implicit memory and how they are manipulated by deep
(sematic) and shallow (physical) level. By explaining (LOP) research and methods the
participants hypothesized that memory recalled in deep level of processing is more than
the memory recalled in shallow level of processing. Participants also predicted that
explicit task will be more recalled in term memory than implicit.
Keywords: Level of processing (LOP), Explicit Memory, Implicit Memory, Shallow
Levels, Deep Levels.
THE EFFECT OF LEVEL OF PROCESSING ON 3
Introduction
Craik and Lockhart investigate many aspect of level of processing which
includes theories of memories and what problems that face each process of recall
memory. The main article expand beyond memories theories, by including the actual
time that individual person take to process information in order to remember them in
particular task. On the other hand the article also question how individual use “multi
store models” to shape their life style in way, but test different memory proses in
another technique (Craik & Lockhart,1972)
Depth of processing can play a key role in human memory activity. Craik
explain that some structural analysis must reach semantic analysis. Which mean
semantic question can take longer time just to answer one particular question and could
possibly be wrong answer after all. That was the idea behind the ten experiments that
focused on depth of processing, although the result may affect learning outcome while
serving the basic teaching processes. Depth of processing serves a positive way to
understand how memory process information (Craik & Tulving, 1975).
Warrington and Weiskrantz managed to custom both method of learning and
retrieval to find the actual factor that affect the work of amnesic individuals which
included recall, recognition of some information that involved short and long memory
process. Which mean that it is wrong to believe that amnesic individual cannot
remember long term memory where in fact individual with amnesic disease can be
trained to remember some task and words without any problem if individual studies and
corrected on how to use depth of processing in a right way. Amnesic individual can
THE EFFECT OF LEVEL OF PROCESSING ON 4
easily remember variable memory such as small specific words but not every word in
the English dictionary including some motor task (Warrington & Weiskrantz,1970).
In three different experiment that focus on participant who study for couple of
hours and try to remember the stuff that they study. The result was simply showed
physically memory such as shallow level can be rambler much easier than vocabulary
on other metrical like deep level of processing. Other part of memory in different
experiment can also be important but not be driven because the level of attention is not
big when someone read rather than do stuff (Blaxton, 1989).
Level of processing (LOP) take affect any performance on explicit memory
task. Study show that processing memory depends on the type of processing and the
