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Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cost Accounting, 14e (Horngren/Datar/Rajan)
Chapter 9 Inventory Costing and Capacity Analysis
Objective 9.1
1) Which of the following cost(s) are inventoried when using variable costing?
A) direct manufacturing costs
B) variable marketing costs
C) fixed manufacturing costs
D) Both A and B are correct.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Terms: variable costing
Objective: 1
AACSB: Reflective thinking
2) Which of the following cost(s) are inventoried when using absorption costing?
A) direct manufacturing costs
B) variable marketing costs
C) fixed manufacturing costs
D) Both A and C are correct.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Terms: absorption costing
Objective: 1
AACSB: Reflective thinking
3) ________ is a method of inventory costing in which all variable manufacturing costs (direct and
indirect) are included as inventoriable costs and all fixed manufacturing costs are excluded.
A) Variable costing
B) Mixed costing
C) Absorption costing
D) Standard costing
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Terms: absorption costing
Objective: 1
AACSB: Reflective thinking
4) Absorption costing is required for all of the following except:
A) generally accepted accounting principles
B) determining a competitive selling price
C) external reporting to shareholders
D) income tax reporting
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Terms: absorption costing
Objective: 1
AACSB: Reflective thinking
2
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5) Absorption costing:
A) expenses marketing costs as cost of goods sold
B) treats direct manufacturing costs as a period cost
C) includes fixed manufacturing overhead as an inventoriable cost
D) is required for internal reports to managers
Answer: C
Diff: 3
Terms: absorption costing
Objective: 1
AACSB: Reflective thinking
6) Variable costing:
A) expenses administrative costs as cost of goods sold
B) treats direct manufacturing costs as a product cost
C) includes fixed manufacturing overhead as an inventoriable cost
D) is required for external reporting to shareholders
Answer: B
Diff: 3
Terms: variable costing
Objective: 1
AACSB: Reflective thinking
7) ________ method(s) expense(s) variable marketing costs in the period incurred.
A) Variable costing
B) Absorption costing
C) Throughput costing
D) All of these answers are correct.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Terms: variable costing, absorption costing, throughput costing
Objective: 1
AACSB: Reflective thinking
8) ________ method(s) include(s) fixed manufacturing overhead costs as inventoriable costs.
A) Variable costing
B) Absorption costing
C) Throughput costing
D) All of these answers are correct.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Terms: absorption costing
Objective: 1
AACSB: Reflective thinking
3
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9) ________ method(s) expense(s) direct material costs as cost of goods sold.
A) Variable costing
B) Absorption costing
C) Throughput costing
D) All of these answers are correct.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Terms: variable costing, absorption costing, throughput costing
Objective: 1
AACSB: Reflective thinking
10) ________ method(s) is required for tax reporting purposes.
A) Variable costing
B) Absorption costing
C) Throughput costing
D) All of these answers are correct.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Terms: absorption costing
Objective: 1
AACSB: Reflective thinking
11) ________ is a method of inventory costing in which only variable manufacturing costs are included
as inventoriable costs.
A) Fixed costing
B) Variable costing
C) Absorption costing
D) Mixed costing
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Terms: variable costing
Objective: 1
AACSB: Reflective thinking
12) Variable costing regards fixed manufacturing overhead as a(n):
A) administrative cost
B) inventoriable cost
C) period cost
D) product cost
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Terms: variable costing
Objective: 1
AACSB: Reflective thinking
4
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13) The only difference between variable and absorption costing is the expensing of:
A) direct manufacturing costs
B) variable marketing costs
C) fixed manufacturing costs
D) Both A and C are correct.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Terms: variable costing, absorption costing
Objective: 1
AACSB: Reflective thinking
Answer the following questions using the information below:
Gloria‘s Decorating produces and sells a mantel clock for $80 per unit. In 2011, 50,000 clocks were
produced and 40,000 were sold. Other information for the year includes:
Direct materials $30.00 per unit
Direct manufacturing labor $ 2.00 per unit
Variable manufacturing costs $ 3.00 per unit
Sales commissions $ 5.00 per part
Fixed manufacturing costs $25.00 per unit
Administrative expenses, all fixed $15.00 per unit
14) What is the inventoriable cost per unit using variable costing?
A) $32
B) $35
C) $40
D) $60
Answer: B
Explanation: B) $30.00 + $2.00 + $3.00 = $35.00
Diff: 2
Terms: variable costing
Objective: 1
AACSB: Analytical skills
15) What is the inventoriable cost per unit using absorption costing?
A) $32
B) $35
C) $60
D) $80
Answer: C
Explanation: C) $30 + $2 + $3 + $25 = $60
Diff: 2
Terms: absorption costing
Objective: 1
AACSB: Analytical skills
5
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Answer the following questions using the information below:
Kory‘s Auto produces and sells an auto part for $60.00 per unit. In 2011, 100,000 parts were produced
and 75,000 units were sold. Other information for the year includes:
Direct materials $24.00 per unit
Direct manufacturing labor $ 4.50 per unit
Variable manufacturing costs $ 1.50 per unit
Sales commissions $ 6.00 per part
Fixed manufacturing costs $750,000 per year
Administrative expenses, all fixed $270,000 per year
16) What is the inventoriable cost per unit using variable costing?
A) $28.50
B) $30.00
C) $36.00
D) $43.50
Answer: B
Explanation: B) $24.00 + $4.50 + $1.50 = $30.00
Diff: 2
Terms: variable costing
Objective: 1
AACSB: Analytical skills
17) What is the inventoriable cost per unit using absorption costing?
A) $30.00
B) $36.00
C) $37.50
D) $43.50
Answer: C
Explanation: C) $24.00 + $4.50 + $1.50 + ($750,000 / 100,000) = $37.50
Diff: 2
Terms: absorption costing
Objective: 1
AACSB: Analytical skills
18) Which of the following inventory costing methods shown below is required by GAAP (Generally
Accepted Accounting Principles) for external financial reporting?
A) absorption costing
B) variable costing
C) throughput costing
D) direct costing
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Terms: absorption costing
Objective: 1
AACSB: Reflective thinking
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19) The two most common methods of costing inventories in manufacturing companies are variable
costing and absorption costing.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Terms: absorption costing, variable costing
Objective: 1
AACSB: Reflective thinking
20) Absorption costing “absorbs“ only fixed manufacturing costs.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Absorption costing “absorbs“ all manufacturing costs, both fixed and variable.
Diff: 1
Terms: absorption costing
Objective: 1
AACSB: Reflective thinking
21) Variable costing includes all variable costs both manufacturing and nonmanufacturing in
inventory.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Variable costing includes only manufacturing variable costs in inventory.
Diff: 1
Terms: variable costing
Objective: 1
AACSB: Reflective thinking
22) Under both variable and absorption costing, all variable manufacturing costs are inventoriable costs.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Terms: variable costing, absorption costing
Objective: 1
AACSB: Reflective thinking
23) The main difference between variable costing and absorption costing is the way in which fixed
manufacturing costs are accounted for.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Terms: absorption costing, variable costing
Objective: 1
AACSB: Reflective thinking
24) Under absorption costing, all variable manufacturing costs and all fixed manufacturing costs are
included as inventoriable costs.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Terms: absorption costing
Objective: 1
AACSB: Reflective thinking
7
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
25) For 2011, Nichols, Inc., had sales of 150,000 units and production of 200,000 units. Other
information for the year included:
Direct manufacturing labor $187,500
Variable manufacturing overhead 100,000
Direct materials 150,000
Variable selling expenses 100,000
Fixed administrative expenses 100,000
Fixed manufacturing overhead 200,000
There was no beginning inventory.
Required:
a. Compute the ending finished goods inventory under both absorption and variable costing.
b. Compute the cost of goods sold under both absorption and variable costing.
Answer:
a. Absorption Variable
Direct materials $150,000 $150,000
Direct manufacturing labor 187,500 187,500
Variable manufacturing overhead 100,000 100,000
Fixed manufacturing overhead 200,000 0
Total $637,500 $437,500
Unit costs:
$637,500/200,000 units $3.1875
$437,500/200,000 units $2.1875
Ending inventory:
50,000 units × $3.1875 $159,375
50,000 units × $2.1875 $109,375
b. Cost of goods sold:
150,000 × $3.1875 $478,125
150,000 × $2.1875 $328,125
Diff: 2
Terms: variable costing, absorption costing
Objective: 1
AACSB: Analytical skills
8
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
26) Charlassier Corporation manufactures and sells laptop computers and uses standard costing. For the
month of September there was no beginning inventory, there were 3,000 units produced and 2,500 units
sold. The manufacturing variable cost per unit is $385 and the variable operating cost per unit was
$312.50. The fixed manufacturing cost is $450,000 and the fixed operating cost is $75,000. The selling
price per unit is $925.
Required:
Prepare the income statement for Charlassier Corporation for September under variable costing.
Answer:
Revenues (2,500 × $925) $2,312,500
Variable costs
Beginning inventory $ 0
Variable manufacturing costs (3,000 × $385) 1,155,000
Cost of goods available 1,155,000
Deduct ending inventory ( 500 × $385) (192,500)
Variable cost of goods sold 962,500
Variable operating costs (2,500 × $312.50) 781,250
Total variable costs 1,743,750
Contribution margin 568,750
Fixed costs
Fixed manufacturing costs 450,000
Fixed operating costs 75,000
Total fixed costs 525,000
Operating income $ 43,750
Diff: 2
Terms: variable costing
Objective: 1
AACSB: Analytical skills
27) a. Explain the difference between the variable and absorption costing methods.
b. Which method(s) are required for external reporting? For internal reporting?
Answer:
a. Absorption costing includes both fixed and variable manufacturing costs as inventoriable costs,
whereas variable costing only includes variable manufacturing costs as inventoriable costs.
b. Absorption costing is required for external reporting to shareholders and for income tax reporting. A
company may use whichever method it chooses for internal reporting purposes.
Diff: 2
Terms: variable costing, absorption costing
Objective: 1
AACSB: Analytical skills
9
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Objective 9.2
1) The contribution–margin format of the income statement:
A) is used with absorption costing
B) calculates gross margin
C) distinguishes between manufacturing and nonmanufacturing costs
D) is used with variable costing
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Terms: variable costing
Objective: 2
AACSB: Reflective thinking
2) The gross–margin format of the income statement:
A) is used with variable costing
B) is used with absorption costing
C) calculates contribution margin
D) distinguishes variable costs from fixed costs
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Terms: absorption costing
Objective: 2
AACSB: Reflective thinking
3) The contribution–margin format of the income statement:
A) is used with absorption costing
B) highlights the lump sum of fixed manufacturing costs
C) distinguishes manufacturing costs from nonmanufacturing costs
D) calculates gross margin
Answer: B
Diff: 3
Terms: variable costing
Objective: 2
AACSB: Reflective thinking
4) The gross–margin format of the income statement:
A) distinguishes between manufacturing and nonmanufacturing costs
B) distinguishes variable costs from fixed costs
C) is used with variable costing
D) calculates contribution margin
Answer: A
Diff: 3
Terms: absorption costing
Objective: 2
AACSB: Reflective thinking
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Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
5) ________ are subtracted from sales to calculate contribution margin.
A) Variable manufacturing costs
B) Variable selling and administrative costs
C) Fixed manufacturing costs
D) Both A and B are correct.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Terms: variable costing
Objective: 2
AACSB: Reflective thinking
6) ________ are subtracted from sales to calculate gross margin.
A) Variable manufacturing costs
B) Variable selling and administrative costs
C) Fixed manufacturing costs
D) Both A and C are correct.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Terms: absorption costing
Objective: 2
AACSB: Reflective thinking
Answer the following questions using the information below:
Peggy‘s Pillows produces and sells a decorative pillow for $75.00 per unit. In the first month of
operation, 2,000 units were produced and 1,750 units were sold. Actual fixed costs are the same as the
amount budgeted for the month. Other information for the month includes:
Variable manufacturing costs $20.00 per unit
Variable marketing costs $ 3.00 per unit
Fixed manufacturing costs $ 7.00 per unit
Administrative expenses, all fixed $15.00 per unit
Ending inventories:
Direct materials –0–
WIP –0–
Finished goods 250 units
7) What is cost of goods sold per unit using variable costing?
A) $20
B) $23
C) $30
D) $45
Answer: A
Explanation: A) $20, only variable manufacturing costs are included when using variable costing.
Diff: 1
Terms: variable costing
Objective: 2
AACSB: Analytical skills
11
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
8) What is cost of goods sold using variable costing?
A) $35,000
B) $40,000
C) $47,250
D) $54,000
Answer: A
Explanation: A) $20 × 1,750 units = $35,000
Diff: 2
Terms: variable costing
Objective: 2
AACSB: Analytical skills
9) What is contribution margin using variable costing?
A) $96,250
B) $91,000
C) $104,000
D) $110,000
Answer: B
Explanation: B) ($75 × 1,750) – [($20 + $3) × 1,750 units] = $91,000
Diff: 3
Terms: variable costing
Objective: 2
AACSB: Analytical skills
10) What is operating income using variable costing?
A) $52,500
B) $78,750
C) $65,750
D) $47,000
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Contribution margin of $91,000 – [($7 + $15) × 2,000 units] = $47,000
Diff: 3
Terms: variable costing
Objective: 2
AACSB: Analytical skills
Answer the following questions using the information below:
Barry‘s Hobbies produces and sells a luxury animal pillow for $80.00 per unit. In the first month of
operation, 3,000 units were produced and 2,250 units were sold. Actual fixed costs are the same as the
amount budgeted for the month. Other information for the month includes:
Variable manufacturing costs $38 per unit
Variable marketing costs $ 2 per unit
Fixed manufacturing costs $60,000 per month
Administrative expenses, all fixed $12,000 per month
Ending inventories:
Direct materials –0–
WIP –0–
Finished goods 750 units
11) What is cost of goods sold per unit when using absorption costing?
A) $38
B) $40
C) $58
D) $64
Answer: C
