Essay 1(40 Points)
A) The social forces that arose and led to the emergence of urban party machines are the
civil war and immigration and the expansion of industrialization .
B)The urban reform movement is a movement to reform local government as a reaction to
excesses and abuses of urban political machines.the two theories about the social classes
which generated the movement were “a growing middle class” and “wasp revenge theory”
the middle class are moving upward and the “wasp” are the industrialization that created a
super rich class.
C)The forms of city government that were adopted as a result of the reform movement is
the model city charter. The model charter was designed to weaken the influence of political
parties and place more power in the hands of professional managers.
D)The effect hat stakes reforms had on the immigrant and poorer citizens in the cities
which adopted them is that machine politics were created through immigrants. They seized
control of city governments from the wealthy ,educated and Protestant class. The reforms
also diluted the influence immigrants and lower class citizens had on city policies
Essay 2(30 Points)
A)The formal powers of a state governor are budget powers,veto power,appointment
powers and executive powers. The informal powers of a governor are head of
state.Important qualities which help a governor push a policy agenda is that they are able
to appoint power
B)For incumbency there are pros and cons. The good part about incumbency for governors
is that incumbents have experience,can get greater access to free media,they are better
funded because they know many more people and lastly because ether name is known.The
