Psych. 361 – Exam #1 Review
Ch. 1:
3 domains of child development
Physical– have to use our bodies and go outside.
Cognitive– thinking, planning and organizing
Emotional and Social- extremely important*
-each domain influences and is influenced by the others
Continuous vs. discontinuous development
Continuous– build on skills, smooth transitions
Discontinuous– specific stages/ steps of growth
-one course of development or many? Nature or nurture? (biology or learned)
Stability vs. plasticity– how stable vs. how are we changing, adapting
-many theories, but no single one can explain all of human development
Freud – 3 parts of personality name and describe*developed first 5 years of our life*
1. Id: “it” I want it now, child part of personality. Impulsive, spontaneous, reckless,
immature
2. Ego: let’s think about this. Mature adult part of personality. Logical, rational, problem
solving. Balance between id and superego
3. Superego: you shouldn’t. conscience, parent or judge. Moral compass-guilt,
embarrassment, pride- learned by parents or etc.
Describe Freud’s theory: * ages *stages *milestones of each stage
• Shifting areas of pleasure/ comfort as we develop. Parents struggle w/ allowing too much
vs. little gratification of child basic needs- what do I want to teach my kid?
1. Oral (0-1)– sucking, cooing, objects in mouth- building connection with you and the
world
2. Anal (1-3)- toilet training; control of body – can’t be forced into toilet training, know
when they are ready for toilet train and they stop and look down- stop and pay attention
to it
3. Phallic (3-6)- focus on sex differences and genitals; becoming aware of self/gender-
answer questions on the parts
4. Latency (6-11)- focus on social skills, academics, sports- competency- focus on their
interest
5. Genital (Puberty and beyond)- focus on adult sexual relationships- healthy functioning
sexual relationships. Feel comfortable with self if stages done correctly
Describe Erikson’s theory: *ages *stages *milestones of each stage
1. Trust vs. mistrust (birth- 1 year): sense of trust if adults meet needs in a timely manner-
like the oral stage, emotion
-mistrust when handled harshly or must wait too long for comfort. Withdraws from others
2. Autonomy vs. Shame/doubt (1-3): parents allow/encourage child’s independent choices
using new skills- teaching impulse control
-child shamed for being independent or forced to explore only what parents wish. Want
them to explore because it cognitive, social with all these explorations- with limits. If
they don’t do this, they start to feel ashamed. Doubts own competence- stuff feelings
3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6): play leads to ambition, purpose, responsibility. Make believe
play, allow them to lead.
-too much self-control, lack of make-believe play, leads to confusion and guilt
4. Industry vs. inferiority (6-11): “latency stage” work w/ and cooperate with others can
lead to self-esteem and achievement
-negative social, academic, family experiences lead to sense of inferiority/incompetence
5. Identity vs. confusion (teens): choice of values, roles, work. Who am I?
-can lead to confusion about future adult role.
6. Intimacy vs. isolation (young adults): establishing close relationships with others
can lead to being and feeling alone
7. Generativity vs. stagnation (middle age): giving to next generation through child rearing,
productive work, volunteering, helping others
-Feeling comfortable with career
-can lead to feeling stuck or stagnant, w/out meaningful accomplishment
8. Integrity vs. Despair (old age): reflect on life/self as worthwhile
-dissatisfied with choices can lead to despair/fear
Brief description (main ideas) of evolutionary developmental psychology
Ethology is concerned with the adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and its evolutionary ideas
Lorenz and Tinbergan- laid modern foundations; imprinting
A sensitive period is a time that is biologically optimal for certain capacities to emerge because the individual is
especially responsive to environmental influence
evolutionary developmental psychology. It seeks to understand the adaptive value of species-wide cognitive,
emotional, and social competencies as those competencies change with age
Brief description (main ideas) of Vygotsky’s theory
– Transmission of culture to a new generation (beliefs, customs and skills)
– social interaction necessary to learn culture and values
– have to interact with our kids, kick a ball with them, etc. we have to be part of their lives
– conversation, teaching, shared experiences with older, more knowledgeable people
Ch. 3:
What is a teratogen?
Any substance that causes damage during the prenatal period
Damage to development depends on:
– dose: how much and how long
– heredity: gene strength in handling teratogens
– other negative influences, such as poor nutrition, lack of medical care
– age of baby in the womb at time of exposure
Examples)
Drugs- prescription, nonprescription, illegal
Tobacco
Alcohol
Radiation
Pollution
Maternal Diseases- HIV+, measles, chickenpox *mother is protected but baby is not
3 stages of childbirth
1. Dilation and effacement of cervix- longest stage, 12-14 hours average for 1st birth. Strong