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Lesson 13:
Society and the State
• Kinds of Society
What are the Kinds of Society?
Society – Society (according to sociologist Franz Oppenheimer) is referring to the totality of all
natural relations and institutions between man and man. There are many kinds of societies, classified
according to geographical location, culture, ethnicity, belief system or religion, political ideology, and
type of economy, among others.
Kinds of Society:
1. Hunting and Gathering Societies- depend on what nature provides for their subsistence. Since they
do not know how to dominate land and domesticate animals, they hunt animals and gather fruits, nuts,
roots, and other edible plant-based foods. Huntings are done by men and gatherings are done by
women. Men and women in these societies are generally treated equally. These societies are nomadic
in that they move from place to another place with abundance in resources. These societies usually
don’t have hierarchical social structure. Decision-making is thus made by all the members of the group.
2. Pastoral Societies – its primary means is the domestication and herding of animals. They raise and
herd goats, sheep, pigs, camels and other domesticated animals generally for food, clothing and
transportation. Membership in pastoral societies is greater than those of hunting and gathering
societies. They are not nomadic. And unlike from the hunting and gathering, this society usually has a
