REE
Lesson 1
Climate change is our reason why. Most impo thing (plus pandemic effect) why we need to change sth,
otherwise no reason for green economy.
“we do not inherit the earth from our parents. We borrow it from our children” → the relationship. The
borrow. The future=one of the main element of sustainable problem, when analyse problem super impo: in
which way evaluate a problem in which manner it will affect the future, ex. Net present value.
Mark twain also underlines this problem→it isn’t what you don’t know that gets you into trouble, it’s what
you know for sure “problem of uncertainty
Books: energy economics, resource economics 2 edition Conrad, energy economic batachiana
(START FROM SLIDE 26) 2003 article in yellow. Start to speak about 2001. 2 element
• 1 we are late
• 2 communications: even if it’s late, it’s a good point that everyone knows it now; first model that
combines: economy and climate change (Nordhaus, also the carbon tax)
Catastrophic event in this paper is climate change, the breaking point
Lesson 2
Continue to speak about climate change (at the top of the discussion of resource). Speaking about energy
transition it is useful for one point: a manner in order to stop climate change, among all the possible
instrument to stop it. It’s very difficult to stop it, we’ll see (politics institution, ob: increase in temperature
no more 1.5 degrees).
Let’s see together
Green new deal: policy to change pattern/path of economy. (Covid 10 demonstrated environmental
systems, development etc. also the needs of enviroment are impo for economy+ nature disasters coming
from man actions and economy).
Why we should develop energy transition? Reduce co2 emissions? The real goal is try to stop the
reduction of the increase of temperature, try to reduce co2, the disaster of the future will be irreversible.
Second point: change our world in another manner: the respect toe world is impo also to take care of our
health (less disease for ex.)
• Point one: fossil fuels Nb the largest source of global warming pollution is the burning of fossil
fuels. Fossil fuels are oil, gas, coal. These 3 useful for production.
Ex. 20 years ago. If we look at some papers, book etc. 2001 end of .com economy. The novelty was
internet. New firms related to internet, there was a reduction of standard and pure (bubble). For ex
other difference Geographical: China was rising, not speaking about brazil, Russia, south Africa etc.
BUT AT THE SAME TIME percentage use of oil 20 years ago and today was the same. World is
changing in everything, even if we are changing the supply, fossil fuels remain
• Another point: link between temperature and pollution:
Production → Emission of co2(or green houses gases) → c02 concentration → Increase of
temperature
For example, there are indicators that can calculate this link: If you know concentration of co2, you
can know what will be the increase of temperature
If we know “the largest source of global warming pollution is the burning of fossil fuels” why can’t
we stop? We need it for production. BUT due to the link with increase of temperature.
Graph: global surface temperature, we can see a TREND in the increase of temperature. Hottest
year ever measured 2006. 16/17 hotter years since 2001: are all around 2000and 2016. A real
problem of us.
• At the same time global ocean heat content suuuper increasing → reduction of artic
glacials+change in the movement of the sea from Mexican gulf to northern Europe (change in
composition water, salt reduce and change in composition)
• Hurricanes (for ex 4 at one times very strange and worry) → increase of disasters
Energy transition could be one of the instrument in order to change all of this
• Hotter years typically have more fires
• Declining ice mass (less ice, less reflection of sun, some remain on the earth, so increase of
temperatures) → very important: the most mathematical one (we’ll understand)
• Example: assume the hydrological cycle
• Evaporation → precipitation→ water return to the sea. If one thing increase, the all system change
Mitigation vs adaptation
• Mitigation: One agent tries to change something
• Adaptation: We understand a damage is irreversible, we have to adapt (in Florida, move their
houses far from the sea)
Not all the country can adapt in the same manner, because of:
Geographical reason
Type of country and level gdp (highest gdp, higher possibility to adapt)
(Lets’ assume us department of disease in 2014 “we likely to change, pandemic disease, food and water
shortages, dispute over refugees and natural disaster…” before the pandemic
Other diseases (also if deforesting, new diseases)
Cost of carbon: political instability, wildfires, storm damages…. → calculate the cost of environmental
damage for ex. We’ll see. My action will lead to economic exchange)
WE NEED TO CHANGE.
On the other hand
• 2000 projection: worldwide wind capacity will reach 30gigabat by 2010. In reality 2018 the goal was
exceeded by a facto f 16x. this means technology obtain a result. Let’s observe the global wind
energy capacity: really increase
• Solar energy: projection will row per one gigabit per year. In 2016 it was exceeded 75x times
expectation. suuuper increase
• In the same time. Cost of solar cells decrease a lot due to economy, so there is a hope
We are able to use sun energy in another manner!!!
(You should control the peak, also if good. Some energy is useless in some cases, for ex if you need huge
amount of energy, you can change solar battery because more flexible, otherwise photovoltaic not useful in
the night. Not possible to use renewable resource all the day)
• Lot of auto manufacturers are moving to Electic vehicles
(Torna al primo ppt → picture of the world black no sun (first thing: light pollution; black area represents
poor area. Someone has no sufficient resource to increase expectation of life+ pollution area is in the
north). Same thing for internet users: able to have access to information technology, no Africa. Same thing
for progress of drinking water, no Africa and no India. Same thing for electricity. In general, always the
south.)
Sustainability: sustain can mean attain, support, uphold or endure.
Focuses on meeting the neds of the present without compromising the ability of the future generation to
meet their needs. Is composed 3 pillars: social, environmental, economics.
In this concept, we have to value the future more than the present if there is a cost, today over tomorrow if
there is a gain and certainty over uncertainty.
We have to talk about externality: effect of actors’ actions create damage to other people. (situa in which
failure of market) The point in which supply and demand meets is stable equilibrium. If there is externality
(pollution, etc.) I have to reduce by imposing carbon taxes for example, so supply increase because of the
external cost, so my socially optimal is less quantity and higher price. A solution would be increase the
demand (to return to the optimal point). Impo problem because if you not able to calculate there is a
problem.
Sustainable development is the organizing principle for meeting human development goals while
simultaneously sustaining the ability of natural systems to provide the natural resources an ecosystem
services based upon which the economy and society depends.
1997 Kyoto protocol: international treaty which extends 92 united nations. define some limits over
emission→ you should have same emission for 1999.
Impo result from ipcc global warming of 1.5 degrees, if temperature goes over future is unpredictable,
under could be sustainable
SDG 17 Indicators (food, water, education, gender gap, energy…) → most impo guide so far, also for the
future. If we are able to check, more possibilities.
Now examine sixth assessment report ipcc (most important institution on climate change)
→https://www.ipcc.ch/assessment-report/ar6/→ dai un’occhiata
Nb impo concept: Tipping point: irreversible events (ex. ecological tipping point poor quality water, forest
issues… transformation tipping point.
What factors are increasing zoonosis emergence? Deforestation, intensified agricultural, antimicrobial
resistance, illegal and poor regulated wildlife trade, climate change
Unemployment in us second higher since great depression
Lesson 3
Glossary → lo aggiorna tra un pò ma ricordatelo (alcuni esempi ma poi c’è il fille giusto)
Some examples
• Nze= net zero emission, policy, target for Europe 2050.
(Info to know when start a project
• Capex= capital fixed costs, cost to build a well, an infrastructure etc.
• Opex=operative costs
• Lifetime of a plant)
• Bau= Business as usual, scenario as nothing has done to change. If I do nothing today, this is the
forecast.
• Ccs,ccus carbon capture sequestration, carbon capture use and storage(?)
Some info in general
• Evaluate the impact: input output
