With the development of technology, daguerreotype was replaced by calotype due to its
expensive cost and long exposure time. William Henry Fox Talbot’s book The Pencil of
Nature was the first book that fully illustrated by calotypes, realized the dream of most
poor writers to print and publish their own books.
In 1843 Talbot established its own photo printing plant with multiple functions. Soon
after, Cliche-Verre was invented, but due to the high cost and technical difficulties,
Talbot did not find any economic benefits from it. The collaboration of painter David
Octavius Hill and chemist Robert Adamson produced a lot of works full of artistic angle.
In 1853, William Newton’s suggestion that people focus photography on auxiliary
