22/02/2016
1
MGF5962– PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT
Week 3
Motivation
Week 3
Learning Objectives
Explain the difference between current
approaches and traditional
approaches to motivation
Differentiate between content and
process theories
Identify how managers can integrate
models to enhance productivity and
human resource maintenance.
Outline the implications of motivation
for managers and identify current
challenges
…
What makes some people
work hard while others do as
little as possible?
How can I, as a manager,
influence the performance of
people who work for me?
Why do people leave, show
up late for work, and miss
work entirely?
Motivation
22/02/2016
2
Motivation concerns the
factors which push us or
pull us to behave in
certain ways:
–Direction
What am I trying to do?
–Intensity (effort)
How hard am I trying?
–Persistence
How long do I continue?
Motivation and energy
What determines motivation?
Individual characteristics
– Internal or ‘push’ forces of
motivation:
• consisting of needs
• e.g. security, achievement,
attitudes and goals
Social characteristics
– How we are socialised into
work or a particular
organization
– Supervisor, workgroup
dynamics
– Desire to be part of an ‘in-
group’
– Cultural role of work
22/02/2016
3
What determines motivation?
Job characteristics
– External or ‘pull’ forces of
motivation:
• includes level of feedback,
workload, task variety, and
level of autonomy.
Work situation
characteristics
– External or ‘pull’ forces of
motivation
• comprising the immediate
social environment
• organisational actions
• Reward and compensation
systems
What motivates? Two overall approaches
Content Theories
“…a group of theories that
emphasise the needs that
motivate people.”
Samson and Daft (2012:595)
Consider ways to profile or
analyse ‘needs’ of individuals
22/02/2016
Content theories
Self-
actualisation
needs Growth
needs
Motivation
factors
Need for
achievement
Esteem
needs
Social needs
Safety needs
Physiological
Relatedness
needs
Existence
Need for
power
Need for
affiliation
Learning
Hygiene
factors
Maslow Alderfer McCelland Herzberg
