Raffield et al. utilized archaeological evidence, evolutionary theory, ethnographic data, and
written resources to explain the emergence of Viking raiding. The possibility of raidings being
produced by males attempting to achieve status, wealth, and captives due to male-female
relationships is explored throughout. They hypothesized that raidings were actually caused by
young unmarried men, but Raffield et al focused on polygyny and concubinage. Raffield et al
divided the article by giving a bit of historical information regarding Viking raidings, polygyny
and concubinage in Viking age Scandinavia, and the operational sex ratio and how it relates to
raidings. According to written resources and recent archaeological finds Scandinavians had been
active for several decades before the late 8th century as it is usually defined. These raids were
ran mostly by men, which is indicated by archaeological evidence. However, there has been
some evidence found that points to females being able to participate in raids as well. The major
