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We plan ahead ...: ... that way we dont do anything right now. (airforce mission planning.
(Dec 2004))
Management at all levels within an organization must create their own plans utilizing their
own processes to do so. Four types of planning are typically accomplished within an
organization by different levels of management; these include Strategical, Tactical,
Operational, and Contingency planning.
"The whole is more than the sum of its parts." This famous Aristotle quote serves as a
strategic imperative for multinational corporations (MNCs) because the corporate
headquarters must ensure that its business units are collectively more successful than if
they were acting individually. (New strategy alignment in multinational corporations. (Nov
2005))
Senior executives of an organization normally accomplish strategic planning. Strategic
planning involves issues of major organizational goal setting, organizational values
definition, long-term survival, competitive strategy, growth, and stocks/shares/funds
planning. These senior level executives define the foundation, rules, and values of the
company for all members of the organization to embrace and lead the company with.
Strategic planning specifically entails the senior executives seeking the input of the middle
level and frontline management to form a top-level plan that contains the proper
information and buy-in of all levels of management within the organization. By creating a
Strategic plan in this fashion of utilizing all levels of management; all other managers
within the organization are able to write their plans to best complement the goals and spirit
of the Strategic plan. The six steps to accomplish the creation of the Strategic plan
specifically include: The establishment of mission, vision, and goals; the analysis of
external opportunities and threats; Analysis of internal strengths and weaknesses;
Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats; Strategy implementation; Strategic
control.
Middle level managers of an organization accomplish tactical planning. Tactical planning
involves utilizing the strategic plan content and spirit to more closely define specific goals
and processes for groups and key individuals within the organization which when
accomplished will also result in the accomplishment of the larger goals of the strategic
plan. In a translative fashion of tiered and linked planning, the goals of Tactical planning
will result in the accomplishment of the Strategic goals as well. Tactical planning is of key
importance to rewrite as necessary to adjust to a changing organizational structure or for
changing Strategic planning goals.
Frontline managers of an organization accomplish operational planning. Operational
planning involves utilizing the Tactical planning content and spirit to define very specific
goals and procedures for individuals to follow within the organization to accomplish the
