Victoria Trevino
KINE3312
Revised Work
Assignment 1
1. What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle? Where is it found? What does it do?
• The skeletal muscle is attached to the bone by a tendon and what this does is it is how
we create movement, and we can control our skeletal muscles movement, and this is
why we also call it voluntary.
2. What are the characteristics of smooth muscle? Where is it found? What does it do?
• The smooth muscle is simply found in our hollow organs such as blood vessels and
intestines. Furthermore, we cannot control our smooth muscle, so this is known as
involuntary and this muscle is what controls the size of opening.
7. What is perimysium? What does it do?
• Perimysium is when our body connects one fasciculus to another by a different
connective tissue.
12. Difference between ‘sarcolemma’ and ‘plasmalemma’?
• The difference between ‘sarcolemma’ and ‘plasmalemma’ is that sarcoplasm is the cytoplasm
of the cell and therefore, the cytoplasm contains glycogen, and this is simply what is used to
make energy or ATP. Furthermore, this also has myoglobin, and this stores energy withing the
muscle cells and this is why our blood turn bright red.
17. What is ‘sarcoplasmic reticulum’? What does it do? Why is it important?
• The sarcoplasmic reticulum also known as SR is what is connected to the T-tubes. And
what this does is that it is the Ca2+ storage. It releases and stores calcium and this is
important because this allows muscle condensation.
Assignment 2
1. A-band?
• An A-band is the dark areas, and it is between I-bands. Therefore, the dark A-bands are
a region that contains both thin and thick filaments.
2. I-band?
• An I-bad is the lighter areas and they are in the region of the Sarcomere where there is
only thin filaments and if looked under a microscope, they are simply lighter.
11. These ions then go to myofibrils and bind to troponin, which moves tropomyosin aside
revealing active sites on myosin of thin filaments.
17. Not only muscle contraction, but also muscle relaxation requires ATP. Which specific
subcellular processes during muscle relaxation require ATP? List two processes.
•
20. Which enzyme determines the types of muscle fibers? How?
•
Assignment 3
5.Rank (from best to worst) Type I, Type IIa, Type IIx motor units in order of force production.
• Type IIx, Type IIa, Type I
What factors determine the difference? Explain.
• The factors in which you can determine this is their size. Having said this, Type II is the
largest and is fats twitch and faster contraction. Furthermore, Type I is the smallest and
is slow twitch, slow contraction, and smallest force.
10. What factors determine muscle fiber distribution in human bodies? List at least two and
explain how.
•
22. There are two big ways for your muscles to generate more force (w/o changing muscle
size). What are they?
• Two big ways for our muscles to generate more force without changing muscle size are
recruiting larger motor units in which contain larger and more muscle fiber.
Furthermore, another way is when muscles recruit more motor units in order to create
more force by simply getting more muscle fibers.
23. What does ‘length–tension relationship’ mean?
• Length-tension relationship means that its optimal sarcomere length that is equal to
optimal thick and thin filaments overlap and that too or to long muscles will simply not
generate a lot of force and the resting length will then simply maximize the muscles
capability to create force.
Assignment 4
15. The relative amount of fat burning to make ATP is high at 25% VO2max than the relative
amount of fat burning at 60% VO2max
The absolute amount of fat burning to make ATP is low at 25% VO2max than the absolute
amount of fat burning at 60% VO2max.
Assignment 5
1. Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P, produced from either glucose or glycogen) goes through
glycolysis. The most important rate-limiting step of this pathway is controlled by the
enzyme called phosphofructokinase (PFK).
4.In addition to GTP(ATP), TCA cycle also produces NADH and FADH2, which will go through ETC
and produce more ATP there.
5. TCA cycle produces CO2 gas, and ETC consumes O2 gas to synthesize ATP and water.
Assignment 6
1. In a baseball game, which energy system is mainly used to produce ATP by a manager
when he is sending out hand signals? Why?
• Oxidative energy is what is being used because the manager is not using high intensity
activity for this. Therefore, he won’t be using producing many ATP’s for this.
2. During a fast break in a basketball game, which energy system(s) does a speed-dribbling
point guard mainly use to make ATP? Why?
• PCr is what is being used since you are goin gon a fast break which means you are doing
something quick to get to where you want to be and therefore this is why PCr is a fast
