Type

Essay

Pages

9 pages

Word Count

3510 words

School

Chapman University

Course Code

HIST 310

Hist 310 Notes

November 25, 2020

LONG-DUREE CHANGES IN EUROPE III

● Social: shifting and expanding social groups

○ The “nation’: an “imagined community” coming into being through print capitalism

○ Wider social networks through increased trade and communication

○ Growing cities(but still only about 20% of Europeans live in cities)

○ “Aristocrats”(rich landowners) joining the old “nobility” (landowners with ancient

titles and lineage)

○ Growing merchants bourgeoisie (middle class)

○ Peasants (seigneurial workers) becoming proletarians (wage workers)

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION:

THE RADICAL DISCONTINUITY

“Republicanism, democracy, terrorism, nationalism, and military dictatorship all took their

modern form during French revolution.”

These ideas were spread by french armies, and by revolutionaries in other countries.

For europe, the french revolution marks the beginning of “beginning of” modern history”-

or “modernity” the

Not finished with notes

CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION

Fiscal crisis of the french monarchy

Social tensions within the estate system in France

Critical ideas spread through the Enlightenment, circulated in book, pamphlets, posters,

discussion.

A mismatch in the distribution of political, social, and economic power- and the means and

opportunity for various groups to attempt to change that mismatch

THE COURSE OF THE REVOLUTION

The “moderate” Phase, 1789-92:

● From 1789, the fiscal crisis spirals into a political crisis, which broadens into a wider

social crisis

○ The tennis Court oath, the declarat

Not finished with notes

The radical Phase, 1792-4:

● The King tries to flee but is caught; France goes to war against Austria and Prussia;

economic crisis in rising food prices

● In response, the Jacobins seize control, execute the King and Queen, end the

monarchy, implement price controls and a levee en masse (widespread draft)

● Cultural Revolution; the jacobin Calendar (year 1=1792), reformed family laws and

religious toleration

● The terror and the Thermidorian Reaction

The reactionary and Napoleonic Phases: 1794-1815

● Return to some kind of stability from 1794-99

● Napoleon seizes power through coup d’etat, 1799, rules as first council until declaring

himself Emperor in 1804

● Steady rollback of most Revolutionary changes:

○ Democracy ended

○ Progressive family laws rescinded (though some changes remained in divorce

and property rights)

○ Political speech and associations suppressed

● But simultaneous exportation of Revolutionary principles

NEW POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES

●Conservatism (the revolution was terrible):

○ Fear of radical change; questioning the notion of equality of all humans

●Liberalism(the revolution started out okay, but then went bad):

○ Reforms rather than revolution; defense of right of liberty in the economic sphere

●Radical democracy (the revolution was okay, but didn’t go far enough):

○ Free, equal, universal male suffrage (and eventually female) suffrage

●Communism ( the revolution much include economic change):

○ Equality could not be achieved without moving beyond the political to the

economic realm

Frankenstein

Cioc

Scott

Social class

Nobility/aristocracy = land owners

bourgeoisie/ middle class = Capital

Proletariat =land less, capital less, labor

(peasants)

Bourgeoisie starts to take over nobility through the french revolution

Industrialization

7x more people

10-15x more stuff

200 years

Possible because energy

Organic economy (anything that relies on the sun)[flow of energy], mineral economy(coal, oil,

gas, chemicals)[stockpile of energy], flow of energy

Liberation

Individual commerce most natural way to interact

● The Ancien Régime (Old Regime or Former Regime) was the social and political

system established in the Kingdom of France from approximately the 15th

century until the latter part of the 18th century under the late Valois and Bourbon

dynasties.

● The estates of the realm were the broad orders of social hierarchy used in

Christian Europe from the medieval period to early modern Europe. Different

systems for dividing society members into estates evolved over time. The

best-known system is the three-estate system of the French Ancien Régime.

● The First Estate comprised the entire clergy, traditionally divided into “higher”

(nobility) and “lower” (non-noble) clergy. In 1789, it numbered around 130,000

(about 0.5% of the population).

● The Second Estate was the French nobility and (technically, although not in

common use) royalty, other than the monarch himself, who stood outside of the

system of estates. It is traditionally divided into “nobility of the sword” and “nobility

of the robe,” the magisterial class that administered royal justice and civil

government. The Second Estate constituted approximately 1.5% of France’s

population

● The Third Estate comprised all of those who were not members of the above and

can be divided into two groups, urban and rural, together making up 98% of

France’s population. The urban included the bourgeoisie and wage-laborers. The

rural included peasants.

● The French estates of the realm system was based on massive social injustices

that were one of the key factors leading up to the French Revolution.

Ancien Régime

The Ancien Régime (Old Regime or Former Regime) was the social and political system established in

the Kingdom of France from approximately the 15th century until the latter part of the 18th century under

the late Valois and Bourbon dynasties. The term is occasionally used to refer to the similar feudal social

and political order of the time elsewhere in Europe. The administrative and social structures of the Ancien

Régime were the result of years of state-building, legislative acts, internal conflicts, and civil wars, but

they remained a patchwork of local privilege and historic differences until the French Revolution ended

the system. Despite the notion of absolute monarchy and the efforts by the kings to create a centralized

state, Ancien Régime France remained a country of systemic irregularities. Administrative (including

taxation), legal, judicial, and ecclesiastic divisions and prerogatives frequently overlapped (for example,

French bishoprics and dioceses rarely coincided with administrative divisions).

Subscribe Now

View Document

Hist 310 Notes

Subscribe Now

French Revolution

History 18th and 19th Century

French Revoluton

History of Operation Management

SOC 50880

978-0134479262 Test Bank Chapter 31