1.
A total of
1200
patients suffering from severe post
–
operative pain were randomly assigned to
one of three experimental conditions: Patients in Condition I were provided with a new pain
killer; Patients in Condition II were provided with a pain killer which was in fact a completely
neutral substance. Patients in Condition III were not provided with any pain killers. Following
that, patients in Condition II were less likely to report post-operative pain as compared to
patients in Condition III.
Which of the following best accounts for this difference?
A. Regression effect
B. Regression fallacy
C. Simpson’s paradox
D. Placebo effect
2.
A total of 1000 undergraduate students (800 females) were assigned to one of two experimental
conditions based on a partial chance procedure.
What is the ratio of females to males within each condition?
A. 800:200
B. 200:800
C. 500:500
D. Not possible to tell
3.
student conducts a comprehensive literature review on the
relationship between coffee drinking (coffee vs. no coffee) and attention span (high attention
span vs. low attention span). Out of 10 articles, 3 randomised controlled experiments found no
association between coffee drinking and attention span. The remaining 7 non-randomised
studies with control groups found a positive association between coffee drinking and attention
span.
What should he conclude from his literature review?
A. Coffee drinking increases attention span
B. Coffee drinking decreases attention span
C. Coffee drinking maintains attention span
D. None of the above
4.
In one study, researchers found a positive association between
being a dentist
and
suicide.
Which of the following statement(s) must be true?
I. The rate of suicide among dentists is greater than the rate of non-suicide among dentists
II. The rate of dentists among suicide is greater than the rate of non-dentists among suicide
III. The rate of suicide among dentists is less than the rate of non-suicide among non-dentists
IV. The rate of non-suicide among non-dentists is less than the rate of suicide among dentists
A.
I
B. I & II
C. III & IV
D. None of the above
5.
A researcher was interested in the relationship between
smoking and lung cancer
. From a
population, he randomly sampled a total of 500 smokers and 700 non-smokers, and observed if
these participants eventually developed lung cancer. He obtained the following results:
Lung Cancer
No Lung Cancer
Row Total
Smoker
400
100
500
Non
–
Smoker
200
500
700
Column Total
600
600
1200
Which of the following ratios provide a good estimate of the odds of smoking among lung cancer
patients within the population?
A. 400 / 100
B. 400 / 200
C. 400 / 500
D. None of the above