DR. MURAT ULUBAY
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FINAL EXAM SAMPLE QUESTIONS (2023 FALL)
Rules and instructions for studying and the exam:
Final exam will be a multiple choice exam. During your study, or for answers before the final; do not
just rely on your notes or slides, but study the subject from the textbook and read and watch the
material posted on course page in Aybuzem. When you come across unknown terms or concepts,
do not just rely on dictionaries. Use encyclopedias, scientific reference guides, including online ones,
like Wikipedia.
The following Final Exam Sample Questions that will be a base for MULTIPLE CHOICE questions:
1- What is the difference between the central (and state) control of agricultural production in
ancient hydraulic civilizations and the Manorial system of Medieval Europe? Define,
describe and compare the economy politics of the systems. (not included in 2023 Fall
semester Final)
2- Give a brief history of emergence of medieval universities of Europe. What was the
difference between these universities and previous institutions of higher learning existed in
the Ancient Civilizations?
3- What are the components of military revolution in Medieval Europe? What are the military
and corresponding political consequences of this revolution within Europe and in the
remaining world?
4- Give the outline of the scientific significance of Copernic/Kepler and Galileo briefly. What
kind of progress did their discoveries’ created in science in general? What did changed about
the relation between the new astronomy and the traditional knowledge/religious doctrines
of cosmology?
5- Give an outline of the scientific significance of Newton and his scientific achievements?
What did this achievements mean in the context of Western Scientific revolution, in
comparison with the traditional science (of astronomy, physics, theories of motion etc.)?
6- Why did the scientific revolution take place in Western Europe? What were the features of
the social, economic and political environment that made this possible?
7- Give an outline of the ancient theories of celestial motion (astronomy) and terrestrial
motion?
8- How did the modern science (or scientific revolution) replace ancient theories of celestial
and terrestrial motion with a unified theory of motion (Galileo, Newton)? Define what
“Newtonian universe” or “Mechanical view of universe” means?
9- What are the defining elements of Industrial revolution? How this revolution changed the
way of life in the industrialized societies (Social, political, demographic)?
DR. MURAT ULUBAY
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10– How Medieval Europe became the first great civilization not to be run primarily by human
(or animal) muscle power?
11– What does post-industrial era/ post-industrial societies mean? Give examples and
definition.
12– How are the questions of Baconian sciences answered in the 19th century? What does this
second scientific revolution mean?
13– What are Classical Sciences, Baconian sciences and the Baconian method?
14– Why engineering consulting companies are one of the distinguishing features of post-
industrial societies?
15– How did the Industrial revolution cause political system changes in the Europe?
16– Why the Industrial revolution was not possible in the other regions of the world, like for
some other giant economies at time (i.e. China)?
17– What was the global consequences of western industrial revolution? (Discuss the issue in the
scope of colonialism, imperialism and spread of industrial revolution)
18– What is the significant features of electricity as a source and form of energy? (Industrial
revolution and electricity, electrification). What electrification provides economies, and
societies if you compare it with a steam engine based society? (convertibility to and from
multiple forms of energy and ease of transmission (?))
19– Briefly write down the elements of the process: the relation between science and
technology before and after modernity; what was different about scientific discoveries
about electrical phenomena and the following technological/industrial applications.
20– One example given about the change in the relation between science and technology is the
involvement of Chemistry as a science in textile (dye) industry. Briefly write down the
elements of this process and the start of the history of scientific research in industry.
21– What is the process of industrialization of textile production? The changes in weaving,
spinning, dying (not “die” :), and using new power sources other than muscle power?
22– How Medieval Europe became the first great civilization not to be run primarily by human
(or animal) muscle power? (not included in 2023 Fall semester Final)
23– Discuss the difference between the technical skill of lighting a fire (a) and trying to
understand what is fire (b)? Was the knowledge of (b) helpful for (a) in the early stages of
history? And after the second scientific revolution, is there any change in this relation
between (a) and (b)?
