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Nicole Hall – Social Deviance – Texas A&M San Antonio
Annotated Bibliography – March 5, 2020
Differential Association Theory and its Effect on Crime
Cauffman, Elizabeth. “Understanding the Female Offender.” The Future of Children 18,
no. 2 (2008): 119-42. Accessed March 13, 2020. www.jstor.org/stable/20179981.
Elizabeth Cauffman investigated the history of female juveniles’ offenders and how it
affected their adulthood. She researched patterns and factors to find how they
increased or decreased their chances of girls committing crimes. Studies revealed that
girls were more likely to commit crimes than boys if their parents were substance abuse
users, or they had poor family ties. Studies also revealed that girls with mental issues
had a higher chance of committing crimes. Elizabeth’s research showed that even
though women don’t offend as much as men their reason are often the same.
“A review of twenty studies on the adult lives of antisocial adolescent girls found higher
mortality rates, a variety of psychiatric problems, dysfunctional and violent
relationships, poor educational achievement, and less stable work histories than among
non-delinquent girls” (Cauffman 2008: 124-125).
Fejes-Mendoza, Kathy, Darcy Miller, and Robert Eppler. “Portraits of Dysfunction:
Criminal, Educational, and Family Profiles of Juvenile Female
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Offenders.” Education and Treatment of Children18, no. 3 (1995): 309-21.
Accessed March 12, 2020. www.jstor.org/stable/42899416.
Studies were conducted on teenage girls from three different states to see if crimes had
any geographic factors depending upon them. Studies revealed that many of the girls
were incarcerated for being runaways. Their family environment played a major role in
the crimes they committed. The girls interviewed had poor emotional family ties and
often lacked the support needed which lead them into the streets of crime. Some
crimes were committed because of their need to survive. The girls interviewed admitted
to having planned most of the crimes on their own. The study also showed that alcohol
