DIABETES
❖ DIABETES
A group of diseases characterized by hyperglycemia caused by defects in insulin
secretion, insulin action, or both
Affects nearly 25.8 million people in the United States; one third of cases are
undiagnosed
Prevalence is increasing
Minority populations and older adults are disproportionately affected
➢ What does Insulin do?
Transports and metabolizes glucose for energy
Stimulates storage of glucose in the liver and muscle→ glycogen
Signals the liver to stop the release of glucose
Enhances storage of dietary fat in adipose tissue
Accelerates transport of amino acids into cells
Inhibits the breakdown of stored glucose, protein, and fat.
❖ Type 1 Diabetes
Insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas are destroyed by an autoimmune process
Requires insulin because little or no insulin is produced
Onset is acute and usually before 30 years of age
5% to 10% of persons with diabetes
➢ Risk factors
• Family history of diabetes (e.g., parents or siblings with diabetes)
• Obesity (i.e., ≥20% over desired body weight or body mass index ≥30 kg/m2)
• Race/ethnicity (e.g., African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Native Americans, Asian
Americans, Pacific Islanders)
• Age ≥45 years
• Previously identified impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance
• Hypertension (≥140/90 mm Hg)
• High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level ≤35 mg/dL (0.90 mmol/L) and/or triglyceride
level ≥250 mg/dL (2.8 mmol/L)
• History of gestational diabetes or delivery of a baby over 9 lb
➢ TYPE 2 DIABETES
• Decreased sensitivity to insulin (insulin resistance) and impaired beta cell function result in
decreased insulin production
• 90% to 95% of person with diabetes, onset over age 30 years, increasing in children, obesity
• Slow, progressive glucose intolerance
• Treated initially with diet and exercise
• Oral hypoglycemic agents initially may need to convert to insulin or use both
➢ Risk factors
• obesity, age, previous identified impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance,
• hypertension ≥140/90 mm Hg, HDL ≤35 mg/dL or triglycerides ≥250 mg/dL,
• history of gestational diabetes or babies over 9 pounds
➢ Symptoms of Diabetes
➢ Common symptoms of diabetes:
“Three Ps”
▪ Polyuria
▪ Polydipsia
▪ Polyphagia
• Extreme fatigue , weakness
