Diabetes Mellitus

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Diabetes Mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases that develops when the body cannot
produce enough of the hormone insulin or when there is an insulin resistance where our
target cells are not able to use it effectively, or both. Insulin helps the cells in our body to
absorb glucose and use it for energy, and when there is a disruption in this process, the
metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are effected. Insulin is produced in the
pancreas and it contains clusters of cells called islets and within those islets are beta cells,
which constructs the insulin and releases it into the bloodstream. If beta cells don’t
produce enough insulin, or the body doesn’t respond to the insulin that is present, glucose
builds up in the blood instead of being absorbed by the cells in the body.
Diabetes can be categorized into Type 1 and Type 2. The American Diabetes Association
(ADA) has put forth a recommended screening guideline for diagnostic testing because of
the variety of this disease. The ADA recommends testing for anyone with a body mass
index higher than 25 and who may have additional risk factors, such as high blood
pressure, a sedentary lifestyle, a history of polycystic ovary syndrome, having delivered a
baby who weighed more than 9 pounds, a history of diabetes in pregnancy, high
cholesterol levels, a history of heart disease, and having close relatives with diabetes. They
also recommend anyone older than age of 45 to receive an initial blood sugar screening,
and if the results are normal, to continue regular screening every three years thereafter. A
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