Climate Change
Oil palm has been negatively impacted by climate change in the form of shifting rainfall
patterns, variable rainfall intensity, and unpredictable weather patterns that have caused
flooding and destroyed oil palm plantations along the coast. Sarkar et al. (2020) stated that if
the plantation area shrank by 1%, the oil palm yield shrank by 0.99%. If there were a 0.5-inch
sea level increase, the area used for oil palm production would shrink by 2 percent, 4 percent,
and 8 percent. In Malaysia, oil palm production is expected to decrease by 1.98 percent, 3.96
percent, and 7.92 percent, respectively, if the area under oil palm cultivation decreased by 2
percent, 4 percent, and 8 percent as a result of sea level rise of 0.5 and 1.2 m (Shaaban et
al., 2006; Filho et al., 2018).
The other effects of climate change on oil palm production are increased abortion,
elongated inflorescence, low productivity, rotten bunch, water stress, expanded lance leaf
number, and upper biomass break (frond), which significantly reduce oil palm productivity.
Other effects include decreased male and female flower, tissue and cell dehydration,
decreased nutrient uptake, disruption in general metabolism, and negatively impacted
photosynthesis. According to Rahman and Idris (2012), in Johor FFB decreased to 3.76 t/ha
in 2006, 4.23 t/ha in 2007, and 4.34 t/ha in 2008 due to Ganoderma infestation which caused
