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Contents
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CHAP 1: The Rapid change of International Business………………………..……………………….………..4
CHAP 2: National Business Environment…………………………………..………………..………………..……..4
HOFSTEDE DIMENSIONS…………………………………..…………………………………………………..………..4
TROMPENAARS 7 DIMENSIONS…………………………………………………….…………………………..…..5
a) Universalism / Particularism (Rules / Exceptions)…………………………..……………………….………..5
b) Individualism / Communitarianism (Individual focus / Group focus)…………………………..…….5
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c) Neutral vs. Emotional
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d) Specific vs. Diffuse……………….……………….……………….…………….……………….……………….…………6
e) Achievement vs. Ascription……………..……………..……………..……………..……………..……………..…….6
f) Sequential Time vs. Synchronous Time………………………….………………………….………………………7
g) Internal Direction vs. External Direction……………………………….……………….…………………………7
CHAP 3: INTERNATIONAL TRADE & FDI…………………………..……………………………………………….16
CHAPTER 4: ENTRY MODES & INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIES………………………….…………..16
CHAPTER 5: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS STRATEGY…………………………..………………………….18
CHAP 1: The Rapid change of International Business
CHAP 2: National Business Environment
HOFSTEDE DIMENSIONS
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TROMPENAARS 7 DIMENSIONS
a) Universalism / Particularism (Rules / Exceptions)
This dimension revolves around the question of what takes precedence: rules or
relationships?
Universalist cultures, like Canada, the U.S., the U.K., and Australia, prioritize rules
over relationships, treating all cases uniformly, even involving close friends or
loved ones.
In contrast, particularist cultures, including Latin America, Korea, China, and
Russia, emphasize relationships over rules. They allow flexibility, bending rules
for family members, close friends, or significant individuals, with each case
assessed based on its unique merits.
b) Individualism / Communitarianism (Individual focus / Group focus)
– Individualism emphasizes personal perspectives, prioritizing individual benefits
and achievements
– Communitarianism emphasizes collective well-being, focusing on how everyone
collaborates to ensure no one is left behind.
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