}Ch. 13 Behavioral/Social Learning Approach
}Behaviorism
}Classical conditioning
}Operant conditioning
}Weakness/strengths
}Social Learning
}Bandura’s Social cognitive Theory
}Application (therapy)
}Assessment
}Behaviorism
}Disgards references to inner thoughts, feelings & motives
}Why? Not scientific (can’t observe/verify)
}Should study observable behavior
}Focuses on events in the environment that help produce behavior
}Main goal = describe, predict & control behavior
}Classical Conditioning
}Organisms come to associate different events
}Pavlov – dogs
}Food—-leads to—-salivation
}Food = unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
}Salivation = unconditioned response (UCR)
}Classical Conditioning
}Can I teach my dog to salivate to something other than food?
}Tone—-leads to—-no salivation
}Tone = neutral stimulus
}Tone + Food—-leads to—-salivation
}Tone—-leads to—-salivation
}Tone = conditioned stimulus (CS)
}Salivation = conditioned response (CR)
}Classical Conditioning – Little Albert
}Watson
}Loud Noise (US) —– Fear (UR)
}Rat (Neutral) —– No Response
}Rat + Loud Noise —–
}Rat (CS) —– Fear (CR)
}Classical Conditioning Processes
}Extinction – of the conditioned response = present the CS (tone) but dog does not get food
}Example?
}Spontaneous recovery – of the conditioned response = reappearance of the CS after time
}Example?
}Generalization – respond to stimuli similar to the CS
}Example?
}Discrimination – can tell the difference between CS & other irrelevant stimuli
}Example?
}Operant Conditioning
}Learning based on rewards & punishments
}Law of Effect = more likely to repeat rewarded behaviors & less likely to repeat punished
behaviors
}Behaviors are shaped by their consequences (rewards & punishments)
}Operant Conditioning
}Reinforcement – process by which a behavior increases
}Positive (+) = present a reward after a response & the response increases
}Example?
}Negative (-) = take something aversive (unpleasant) away & the response increases
}Example?
}BOTH increase behavior
}Operant Conditioning
}Reinforcers (rewards)
}Stimuli given to increase behavior
}Primary – innately satisfying
}Examples?
}Secondary – learn to want/need
}Examples?
}Shaping -easiest way to teach behavior
}Successive approximations
}Operant Conditioning
