Bao Phan (008861775)
BUS160
9/12/2013
Midterm Part A
There are four different learning styles described by Gardner which are bodily-kinesthetic,
visual-spatial, verbal-linguistic, and logical-mathematical. Firstly, bodily-kinesthetic
learning happens through experience. For example, I study in a group in which members
take turns explaining topics to each other and then discussing them. Secondly,
visual-spatial learning happens when people remember what they have seen. I organize my
notes so that I can clearly see main points and supporting facts and how things are
connected. I color-code my notes using different colored highlighters so that everything
relating to a particular topic is in the same color. Thirdly, verbal-linguistic learning
happens when people remember what they hear and say. I talk about what I learn. Work in
study groups so that I have an opportunity to explain and discuss what I am learning. I read
the textbook and highlight no more than 10 percent. Finally, logical-mathematical learning
occurs when people reflect on concepts. For example, I study in a quiet setting. I don’t just
memorize material; I think about why it is important and what it relates to, considering the
causes and effects involved.
People are motivated by end goals if they can see the path to completion. Three conditions
needed to make the goal-setting model effective are needs, equity, and expectancy theory.
In needs theory, people need specific and challenging goals or growth need. In equity
theory, people feel they were represented and that goals, path and reward are fair. In
expectancy theory, people need feedback to know that their performance is meeting
expectations and will result in desired rewards at end. People who use goal-setting
effectively suffer less from stress, are better able to concentrate, show more
self-confidence, and seem to feel happier.
Attitudes are more complicated than values. Attitudes have three components which are
cognitive, affective, and behavioral. The cognitive of an attitude comes partly from values.
The affective component of an attitude is how you feel about something. Behavioral of an
attitude is what you are prepared to do about how you feel. For example, if you ask me for
my attitudes about badminton, my answer will depend on whether I think badminton is
consistent with my values, how I feel about it, and whether I like badminton enough to
make a special effort to play it every week. My attitude can change over time. Maybe one
day I decide I’m tired of playing badminton. Therefore, attitudes about something can
