1
1)Drinkinglargeamountsofoxygenatedwaterisconsideredagoodwaytoincreaseperformancein
skeletalmuscle.Itworksbywhichofthefollowingmechanisms:
A:Itsnotpossiblefortheoxygenatedwatertotransferoxygentocells
2)Thegreenhouseeffectis
A:humanone
2.Thegreenhouseeffectwhichis:
A:Theheatabsorptionbycertaingasesintheatmospherewhicheffectively“trap”heatintheloweratmosphereand
reradiationdownwardofsomeofthatheat
3)Thebodymassindexisdefinedas
A:anindividualsweightdividedbythesquareofhisorherheight
4)Concerningtheadaptiveimmuneresponse,whichofthefollowingistheroleofthespleen
A:Itisanimmunologicfilteroftheblood
Theadaptiveimmunesystemusesvariousstrategiestokillattackingmicrobes.Twoofthesemechanismsare
cellmediatedimmunityandhumoralimmunity.Whatiscellmediatedimmunity?
A:Referstomacrophagesengulfingantigens,anddisplayingpartsofthemontheirsurface
5)Carbondioxideisoneofthegreenhousegases.Whenitdissolvesintheoceanwhatoccurs?
A:Oceanbecomesmoreacidic
Howmuchmorecarbondioxideisdissolvedintheupperlayersoftheoceanasopposedtothetotalamountinthe
atmosphere?
A:50%morecarbondioxideisintheoceanthanintheatmosphere(1020versus750gigatonsofcarboncontent)
6)HIVisknownasaretrovirusbecause…
A:RNAissynthesizedtoDNA,usesreversetranscriptasetomakecopyofRNAgnome
Hivhaswhichofthefollowingcharacteristics…
itisaretrovirus
7)Whichofthefollowingspacescontainsthelargestvolumeoffluid?
A:extracellular
8)MedicationsforthecontrolofType2diabetesaredesignedto:
A:increasethesensitivity(response)ofcellstoinsulin
9)Ametaboliccyclewhich“begins”withAcetyleCoAthatcausesthereductionofNaDandFADforATPproduction
iswhichofthefollowing?
A:KrebsCycle
10)Whichofthefollowingisthebeginningofmetastasis?
A:Cancercellsfromtheprimarytumorspreadtothesurroundingtissues
11)Howdobrainstemneuronsplayaroleinrespiration?
A:controldiaphragmandothermusclesofventilation
2
12)AcetylCoAisthebeginningofametabolicpathwaythatproducesmostoftheNADHandFADHforATP
production.AcetylCoAisaproductof…
A:Protein,carbohydrates,andlipidmetabolism
13)YouinjectahypertonicsolutionintoapatientinherveinsWhathappenstoherredbloodcells?
A:Theycrenateorshrink
14)Whichofthefollowingisthemost“primitive”ofallmetabolicsystems?inotherwords,itwasthefirst…
A:Glycolysis
A hypo-osmotic solution is:animal ce
A: A solution that has less electrolytes and more water than the other solution.
15)WhatenzymeiscommontobothplantandanimalcellsinthedirectproductionofATP?
A:ATPsynthase
16)Whichofthefollowingisthebestdefinitionofamotorneuron?
A:Onesinglemotorneuronsynapsingwithaspecificnumberofmusclefibers
17)Forlighttoactinphotosynthesis,itmustactivatewhichphotosystems?Choosethemostcompleteanswer
A:PhotosystemIIandthenPhotosystemI
18)Overaverylongperiodoftime,humanshaveevolvedtostanduprightandhavegenesthatcontrolbrain
development.Whichbiologicalmoleculeneedstobeproducedinorderforthisdevelopmenttohappen?
A:Proteinsintheformofenzymes
19)Thesetpointforyourbody’stemperatureis37degreescentigrade.Whatwillbetheoutput?
A:Itwillgoupanddownaroundavalueof37degreescentigrade
20)Thecarbonnitrogenbondthatconnectsaminoacidstogetherinaproteinisreferredtoasthe…
A:Peptidebond
21)Opportunisticdiseasesaretypicallycausedbymicrobesthatareincontactwiththehost.FOrinstance,theyare
responsibleforkillingAIDSpatients.Thesemicrobesbelongtoanopportunisticagentgroup,Whatistheother
importantgroupcalled?
A:primarypathogens
22)YouareworkinginadoctorsofficeAchildasksyouwhatconditiontheyhaveandyoureadontheirchartitstates
“diabetic,insulinsecretedbypancreas”.Whichofthefollowingconditionsdoesthechildhave?
A:Type2diabetes
23)Inmostbiologicalcasesinwhichthereisadecreaseinoxygentoaerobicsystems,whatwillcontinuetobe
produced?
A:lacticacidwhichwillmakethebloodmoreacidic
24)Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutadaptationforuprightbipedalmovement?
A:thesurfacesofthejointsinlegsandbetweenvertebraeareenlarged
62)AcellisgettingreadytodivideandisstartingDNAreplication.Duringthisprocess,helicaseunzipsthedouble
3
helixbybreakingthebondsbetweenthe___,thepartofthenucleotidesthatisresponsiblefortheformationofthe
doublehelix.
A:Nitrogenousbases
26)Aclosefriendthathasrecentlybeendiagnosedwithageneticdiseasewantstobetterunderstandhowgene
therapyworks.Youtellthemthatgenetherapyusesgenestodowhichofthefollowing?
A:Tocorrectforcertainspecificdiseaseswhicharecausedbyamutationinonespecificgene
27)Aclosefriendhasrecentlybeendiagnosedwithageneticdiseasewantstobetterunderstandhowgenetherapy
works.Youtellhimthatgenetherapyusesthefollowinginformationtodesignatreatmentforagivendisease
A:Mostdiseaseshaveageneticorigininwhichoneormoregenesaremutated
28)Whichofthefollowingisapurposeofcelldivision:
A:allofthese
29)Genesthatslowdownorstopthecellcyclearecalled…
A:tumorsuppressorgenes
30)whichofthefollowingisthoughttomostinfluencethedevelopmentofthebabywhentheyareexposedtothe
environment?
A:epigeneticinfluenceswhichinfluencetheexpressionofdifferentsetsofnucletidesintheDNA
31)Fororganstobedifferentiatedwhichofthefollowingisthefirststep?
A:stemcellstriggerthedevelopmentofdifferentiatedcells
32)Whichofthefollowingstatementsabouttherelationshipbetweenthewingofabirdandthewingofabatis
INCORRECT?
A:Theyarehomologousbecausetheyrepresentmodifiedformsofatraitpresentinacommonancestor
33)Whatdoesaphagocyteusetodestroyamicrobe?
A:lysosomes
34)Whichofthesefollowingstatementsistrue?
naturalselectionistheonlymechanismofevolutionthathasbeendemonstrated
Someanimalscurrentlylivingoneartharemoreevolvedthanotheranimals
​naturalselectionhasbeendemonstratedtooccurinwildpopulations
Anytraitthatgetsselectedisbeneficialfortheorganismunderallenvironmentalconditions
naturalselectioniscapableofproducingperfectsolutionstoanyenvironmentalconditionaslongasthereisenough
time
35)WhichofthefollowingisNOTaprocessofartificialselection
variationinsometraitsheritable
nextgenerationhasmoreofthesetraits
breedersselectanimalswithtraitstheydonotlike
variationbetweenindividualsintraits
36)WhatwasthetheoryputforwardbyLamarck?
A:Transformism
specieschangeovertimeintonewspecies
“transformism”Lamarckexplainedthatspecieschangedbecauseof’internalforces’thathedescribedassomesort
4
ofanunknownmechanismwithinanorganismcausingittoproduceoffspringslightlydifferentfromitsel
37)Theimmunesystemiscomposedoftwobranches.Theyareverysuccessfulatprovidingcriticaldefensesagainst
pathogenicmicrobes.Whatisakeycharacteristicoftheinnateimmunebranch?
A:​defensesareconsiderednonspecific
38)Theperipheralnervoussystemhaswhichofthefollowingcharacteristics?
A:​itcontrolstheautonomicnervoussystemsoitindirectlycontrolsheartrate
39)Whichpartofthecirculatorysystemhasthehighestpressure?
A:​arteries
Bloodpressureishighestinthearteriesbutisconsiderablyreducedasitflowsthroughthecapillaries.Itislowestin
theveins.
40)Therightatriumreceivesbloodfrom…
A:​bothsuperiorandinferiorvenacava
41)Theinnateimmunesystemdoeswhichofthefollowing?
playsmajorroleintheproductionofinflammatoryresponsewhichresultsinedemaandthrobbingpain
42)YougotothehospitaltovisitaverysickfriendHowever,youhaveaverybadcoldanddonotfeelwell
yourself.Twodaysaftervisitingyourfriendyoucomedownwithabadcaseofdiarrhea,andblotchesalloveryour
body.Yoursymptomsmorethanlikelyareduetowhichofthefollowing?
opportunisticpathogenthatyoucouldonlygetinthehospital
youhavenowayofknowingifyouwerealreadyinfectedwhenyousawyourfriend.thesymptomsyouhavemaybe
purelycoincidentalwithvisitingthehospital
primarypathogen
abiologicalvectorthatenteredyourbodyduetocontaminationatthehospital
43)Whenapersonfaints,whichsystemmorethanlikelyfailed?
heartstoppedbeatingfor15seconds​baroreceptorreflex
baroreceptorreflexdidn’twork
sympatheticnervoussystemcausedavasodilation
veinsdidnotsendenoughbacktotherightsideoftheheart
44)Ifthehydrostaticpressureishigherintheinterstitialspaceratherthanthecapillary,whichofthefollowingwill
occur?
increasedoncoticpressurethroughoutthecapillary
decreasedhydrostaticpressureinthearterialendofthecapillary
decreasedhydrostaticpressureinthevenousendofthecapillary
increasedoncoticpressureinthearterialcomponentofthecapillary
Iftheinterstitialhydrostaticpressureishigherthanthehydrostaticpressureinsidethecapillaries,fluidwillflowinto
thecapillaries.
45)HIVhas7majorstepsthatitundergoeswhenitinfectscells.Whatistheultimateendresultofthisinfection?
A:developmentofmatureHIVvirusforms
5
46)Forairtoenterthelungsitmustgofrompharynximmediatelyfollowedbythe…
A:larynx
47)Severalfactorsinfluencehowdrugusersexperiencethedrugeffects.However,the4mostimportantfactorsare:
A:​Pharmacological,cultural,social,andcontextual
48)Menstruationisapproximatelyarepeatingcycleevery28days.Whichofthefollowingpointsiscorrectaboutthis
importantphenomenon?
folliclestimulatinghormoneisreleasedduringthelutealphasetosupportovulation
progesteroneincreasesduringthelutealphase
ovulationtriggerstheuterinefollicularphase
estrogenlevelspeakbeforeovulation
49)Whichtypeofcellisthetargetofantidepressantdrugs?
A:Aneuronthatisnotproducingenoughneurotransmitter
50)Whatistherelationshipbetweenthecirculatorysystemandtheimmunesystem?
A:Cellsoftheimmunesystemusethecirculatorysystemasamediumtopatrolthebody
51)thespecificway,addictionworks,usingcocaine,asanexampleiswhichofthefollowing?Choosethemost
completeanswer?
A:cocainecausesanincreaseinpostsynapticreleaseofdopamineinthelimbiccenter,thepleasurecenter,
whichmeansthateventuallythereceptors…