Circulatory and gas exchange
Understand four steps of ventilation and the structures required for each.
Ventilation (通风设备): air or water moves through a specialized gas exchange organ, such as
lungs or gills.
Gas exchange: CO2 and O2 diffuse （散开） between air or water and blood at ventilatory
surface.
Circulation （循环）: dissolved O2 and CO2 are transported thru body
Gas exchange: O2 and CO2 exchange occurs between blood and tissues where cellular
respiration occurs
Know the difference between an open and closed circulatory system and what
animal has what and why.
Closed circulatory systems have blood that does not flow in defined blood vessels.
Examples are insects and how their organs are bathed continually in “blood“. (flat worms)
Open circulatory systems have blood that flows in vessels. Humans have this system as
blood flows in veins, arteries and capillaries. (ex cricket)
Know the main parts of the circulatory system and how they function.
The circulatory system is made up of the heart, blood and blood vessels known as arteries,
capillaries and veins. The heart pumps blood throughout your body through the blood
vessels. Blood delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells and carries away carbon dioxide and
other waste materials.
Understand how four chambered heart functions.
The upper chambers are termed atria 心房
The lower chambers are termed ventricles 心室
Left atrium.
◼ The upper right chamber of the heart
◼ The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it
down into the left ventricle which delivers it to the body.
Right atrium
◼ The right upper chamber of the heart
◼ The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the
vena cava and pumps it into the right ventricle which then sends it to the
lungs to be oxygenated.
Left ventricle
◼ The left lower chamber of the heart that receives blood from the left atrium
and pumps it out under high pressure through the aorta to the body
Right ventricle
◼ The lower right chamber of the heart that receives deoxygenated blood
from the right atrium and pumps it under low pressure into the lungs via
the pulmonary artery
Understand the loading and unloading of oxygen on hemoglobin. What helps and
what hinders.
Hemoglobin 血红蛋白
◼ Oxygen-carrying protein
◼ Extremely efficient at taking up oxygen at respiratory surfaces
◼ Delivering oxygen to tissues.
Osmoregulation and Excretion
Understand difference between hyperosmotic and hypoosmotic environments
and the challenges each pose to animals.
Hyperosmotic environment: Hyper osmotic cell will have more concentration of
salts/ solutes in a cell that is surrounding it.
A hypo osmotic cell has relatively little solutes compared to its environment
Nutrition
Know three types of feeding mechanisms.
Herbivores, carnivores, omnivores
in freshwater, in the sea, and on land. The feeding mechanisms are best
classified by the method used: suspension feeding, deposit feeding,
Fluid feeder
Bulk (mass) feeder
Know the four steps to obtaining nutrients from food.
ingestion
digestion
absorption
elimination
first, mechanical digestion then chemical digestion (enzymatic hydrolysis, then
nutrient molecules enter body cells, then undigested material goes out.
Understand the various mechanisms used in each of the four steps of digestion
and how an animal’s form affects it.
Digestion: breakdown of food into small enough pieces to allow absorption
◼ Mechanical digestion including chewing : increases surface area of food
