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Conservation of wild and cultivated fruits resources of

Bangalore urban

Nandini N1, Shiddamallayya N2҉

1. Survey of Medicinal Plants Unit, National Ayurveda Dietetics Research Institute, G.C.P. Annexe, Ashoka Pillar, Jayanagar 1 st Block, Bangalore

– 560011; Karnataka, India; Email: nandu.swamy87@gmail.com

2. Survey of Medicinal Plants Unit, National Ayurveda Dietetics Research Institute, G.C.P. Annexe, Ashoka Pillar, Jayanagar 1 st Block, Bangalore

– 560011; Karnataka, India; Email: snmathapati@gmail.com

҉Corresponding Author: Survey of Medicinal Plants Unit, National Ayurveda Dietetics Research Institute, G.C.P. Annexe, Ashoka Pillar,

Jayanagar 1st Block, Bangalore – 560011; Karnataka, India; Email: snmathapati@gmail.com

Publication History

Received: 10 November 2014

Accepted: 27 December 2014

Published: 28 January 2015

Citation

Nandini N, Shiddamallayya N. Conservation of wild and cultivated fruits resources of Bangalore urban . Species, 2015, 12(35), 87-91

ABSTRACT

Since beginning of life, plants have been playing a significant role in every activities of an individual to fulfil the basic necessities of life. An

increasing population in poor and under – developed countries were mainly dependent on available food resources to fulfil their regular foo d

requirements. In the diet varieties of fruits were obtained from wild and cultivated resources used since prehistoric civilis ation of humans

which are being contributing basic nutrients to each and every individual to lead healthy life. The present young er generations of urban

populace were highly concentrated towards the traditional low calorie food to prevent stress related disorders, instead of de pending on

Western instant food. The complete literary and field studies have been carried out in the field of wild and cultivated fruits used as raw/boiled

to battle against malnutrition observed in the young and old generation of urban populace of Bangalore. This concept serves t he purpose of

sustainable use of wild and cultivated fruits for proper dietary requirements of young and age old individuals of the city by adding new wild

edible nutrient fruit resources, which are natural, safe and chemical free to the traditional recipes in regular family diet for the benefit of urban

society. The study deals with 50 fruit yielding plants are can be grown in the kitchen and public gardens, amusement parks and barren lands

adopting modern techniques. It also conserves soil erosion, checks pollution and add crown to the city as a Garden city of Ba ngalore. The

present research work gives massive information on wild and cultivated fruits resource plants of Bangalore urban. This is an attempt of

enlisting of 51 wild and cultivated fruits resources plant species belonging to 38 genera of 27 families were conventionally utilised as wild and

cultivated fruits as basic food sources for the benefit of present and future generations of urban populace of Bangalore.

Keywords: Conservation, Wild, Cultivated, Fruit, Bangalore

Species ANALYSIS

International Daily Journal for Species

ISSN 2319 – 5746 EISSN 2319 – 5754

Nandini and Shiddamallayya,

Conservation of wild and cultivated fruits resources of Bangalore urban,

Species, 2015, 12(35), 87-91, www.discovery.org.in

Page88

1. INTRODUCTION

Mother nature provided the inestimable, diversity of plants for the benefit of human beings to meet their prerequisitions in the form of food,

shelter and medicine. Food plays an important role for the beginning of every individual for the increased world population. Drastic loss due to

draught and other natural calamities to economically important agricultural crops such as cereals, pulses, vegetables and fruits creates

pressures to wild and cultivated fruits resources plants as an additional food required for the accomplishment of hunger in poor populace of

under developed countries. The native wild and cultivated fruits resource plant species attracted urban people to understand more about the

occurrence, distribution, importance and utilisation to combat food crisis. Some Wild and cultivat ed fruit resources were identified from wild,

cultivated and wild/cultivated habits, which can be traced out by following traditional knowledge to acquires new methodology of food

preparation procedure to widen the family diet for the proper nourishment. Inherent wild and cultivated edible fruit plants offer wide range of

food resources to the ancient and modern rural and urban populace to have healthy diet in day to day life. However, Bangalore urban area is

more pleasant for moderate climate, which favours the distribution of various ornamental, wild and cultivated fruits resource plant species are

observed in historical public parks, gardens, avenues, temples, markets, terrace and kitchen gardens.

Study area

Bangalore city is considered as the third largest city in India located in southern India on the Deccan Plateau. The study area found between

12.97°N 77.56E covers about 741 km of area at an elevation of 3,000 feet above sea level. The average temperature of the city is least about

15.4 °C and reach up to 36 °C and recorded an annual rainfall of 179 mm. Bangalore city has a tropical climate throughout the year and it is

more pleasant than other south Indian cities. The urban people experience more heat waves in summer and cool during the month of

December. The soil found in this zone is red, red laterite, fine loamy and clay. However, the vegetation of the area is dry and mo ist deciduous

trees. There is no rivers due to flat land but water scarcity is solved the river Kaveri and Thippagondanahalli reser voir.

Limited vegetation can be observed such as Bannerghatta National Park, Nandi hills, Lalbagh, Cubbon park, public parks are fo und in and

around Bangalore urban. The official language of the city is Kannada. The highest population observed in urban th an rural areas of Bangalore

with various religious neighbour people of north Karnataka, other states of India and also non-residential Indians for the completion of

academics and occupation. The life style of the city is varied due to the presence of vario us dwelled people. The food and the food habits have

shown drastic changes due to global exchange of food resources in and around Bangalore urban.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

Enlisting of Wild and cultivated fruits resource plants:

The enlisting of Wild and cultivated fruits resource plants survey have been conducted in historical public parks, gardens, waste lands, avenues,

temples, markets, terrace, kitchen gardens of residential areas and fruit markets in Bangalore city to gather the data of b otanical name,

family, habit, status, utilisation by interviewing housewives, age olds and fruits marketing people of Bangalore urban.

Authentication of Wild and cultivated fruits resource plants:

The collected data on wild and cultivated fruits resource plant species with Botanical name, family, English name, habit, status and utilisation

were identified by using available regional floristic literatures of Ramaswamy and Razi 1973, Marigowda and Krishnaswamy 1968 , Rao 2008,

Roy et al. 1998, Singh and Kumar 2012, Sharma et al. 1984, Yoganarasimhan 1996, Jain and Rao and Gurudeva 2001.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The study shows exceptional distribution of assorted populace, culture, food habits and utilisation of wild and cultivated fr uits resource plant

species for the present and future generation of Bangalore city. The enlisting of wild and cultivated fruits resources plant species is n ecessary to

retrieve the occurrence, distribution, acclimatisation, cultivation and utilisation of commonly available wild and cul tivated fruits resource plant

species to widened the food habits to have micro and macro nutrients in the family diet to overcome malnutrition observed in women, children

and age olds of Bangalore city. Table. No.1 Demonstrated the data of botanical name, family, habit, English name, status and utilisation

observed in populace of Bangalore urban. Enlisting of 51 wild and cultivated fruits resource plant species belonging to 38 ge nera of 27 families

utilised as food preparation (Figure.1). The wild and cultivated fruits resource plant species found in habits such as Herbs (04), Climbers (04),

Shrubs (11) and Trees (32) of Bangalore urban (Figure. No.2). Nearly 29 fruits plant species obtained from wild, 16 from cult ivated and 06 from

wild/cultivated origin. Approximately 48 wild and cultivated fruits plants consumed as raw, 01 boiled and 02 fruits used as raw/boiled forms.

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Figure 1

Wild and cultivated fruits plant resources of Bangalore urban

Annona squamosa L.

Artocarpus gomezianus Wall. ex Trecul

Averrhoa bilimbi L.

Carica papaya L.

Citrus maxima (Burm.) Osbeck

Limonia acidissima L.

Mangifera indica L.

Muntingia calabura L.

Musa paradisiaca L.

Opuntia dillenii (Ker Gawl) Haw.

Persea americana Mill.

Psidium guajava L.

Solanum americanum Mill.

Tamarindus indica L.

Terminalia catappa L.

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Table 1

Conventionally used wild and cultivated fruits resource plants of Bangalore urban

Sl. No

Botanical name

Family

English name

Habit

Status

Utilisation

Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa

Rutaceae

Bael fruit

Tree

Wild

Raw

Anacardium occidentale L.

Anacardiaceae

Cashew nut

Tree

Cultivated

Raw

Annona reticulata L.

Annonaceae

Bullock’s heart

Tree

Wild/Cultivated

Raw

Annona squamosa L.

Annonaceae

Custard apple

Tree

Wild/Cultivated

Raw

Artocarpus gomezianus Wall.

ex Trecul

Moraceae

Monkey jack

Tree

Cultivated

Boiled

Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.

Moraceae

Jack fruit

Tree

Wild/Cultivated

Raw/Boiled

Averrhoa bilimbi L.

Averrhoaceae

Bilimbi

Tree

Cultivated

Raw

Averrhoa carambola L.

Averrhoaceae

Kamaranga

Tree

Cultivated

Raw

Azadirachta indica A.Juss

Meliaceae

Neem

Tree

Wild

Raw

10.

Borassus flabellifer L.

Arecaceae

Palmyra palm

Tree

Wild

Raw

11.

Carica papaya L.

Caricaceae

Papaya

Tree

Wild/Cultivated

Raw/Boiled

12.

Carissa carandas L.

Apocynaceae

Bengal currant

Shrub

Wild

Raw

13.

Citrus limon (L.) Burm.f.

Rutaceae

Lemon

Shrub

Cultivated

Raw

14.

Citrus medica L.

Rutaceae

Citron

Shrub

Cultivated

Raw

15.

Citrus reticulata Blanco

Rutaceae

Common orange

Shrub

Cultivated

Raw

16.

Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck

Rutaceae

Sweet orange

Shrub

Cultivated

Raw

17.

Cocos nucifera L.

Arecaceae

Coconut

Tree

Wild

Raw

18.

Cordia dichotoma G.Forst

Cordiaceae

Sebesten plum

Tree

Wild

Raw

19.

Cucumis callosus (Rottler)

Cogn.

Cucurbitaceae

Sweet melon

Climber

Wild

Raw

20.

Cucumis melo L.var. melo

Cucurbitaceae

Musk melon

Climber

Wild

Raw

21.

Dillenia indica L.

Dilleniaceae

Elephant apple

Tree

Cultivated

Raw

22.

Ficus racemosa L.

Moraceae

Cluster fig

Tree

Wild

Raw

23.

Ficus religiosa L.

Moraceae

Peepul

Tree

Wild

Raw

24.

Flueggea virosa (Roxb.ex

Willd.) Royle

Euphorbiaceae

Bush weed

Shrub

Wild

Raw

25.

Lantana camara L.

Verbenaceae

Wild sage

Shrub

Wild

Raw

26.

Limonia acidissima L.

Rutaceae

Wood apple

Tree

Wild

Raw

27.

Mangifera indica L.

Anacardiaceae

Mango

Tree

Wild/Cultivated

Raw

28.

Manilkara zapota (L.) P.Royen

Sapotaceae

Sapota

Tree

Cultivated

Raw

29.

Morus alba L.

Moraceae

Mulberry

Tree

Wild

Raw

30.

Muntingia calabura L.

Elaeocarpaceae

Jamaican cherry

Tree

Wild

Raw

31.

Musa paradisiaca L.

Musaceae

Banana

Herb

Cultivated

Raw

32.

Opuntia dillenii (Ker Gawl)

Haw.

Cactaceae

Prickly pear

Herb

Wild

Raw

33.

Passiflora edulis Sims

Passifloraceae

Passion fruit

Climber

Cultivated

Raw

34.

Passiflora foetida L.

Passifloraceae

Foetid passion

flower

Climber

Wild

Raw

35.

Persea americana Mill.

Lauraceae

West Indian

Tree

Cultivated

Raw

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avocado

36.

Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb.

Arecaceae

Wild date palm

Tree

Wild

Raw

37.

Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels

Euphorbiaceae

Star gooseberry

Tree

Wild

Raw

38.

Phyllanthus emblica L.

Euphorbiaceae

Indian

gooseberry

Tree

Wild

Raw

39.

Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir

Euphorbiaceae

Black honey

Shrub

Wild

Raw

40.

Physalis angulata var. angulata

Solanaceae

Native

gooseberry

Herb

Wild

Raw

41.

Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.)

Benth.

Mimosaceae

Manila tamarind

Tree

Wild

Raw

42.

Psidium guajava L.

Myrtaceae

Guava

Tree

Cultivated

Raw

43.

Punica granatum L.

Lythraceae

Pomegranate

Tree

Cultivated

Raw

44.

Solanum americanum Mill.

Solanaceae

Black night

shade

Herb

Wild

Raw

45.

Solanum rudepannum Dunal

Solanaceae

Turkey berry

Shrub

Wild

Raw

46.

Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston

Myrtaceae

Malay apple

Tree

Cultivated

Raw

47.

Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels

Myrtaceae

Black plum

Tree

Wild

Raw

48.

Tamarindus indica L.

Caesalpiniaceae

Tamarind

Tree

Wild

Raw

49.

Terminalia catappa L.

Combretaceae

Indian almond

Tree

Wild/Cultivated

Raw

50.

Ziziphus jujuba Mill.

Rhamnaceae

Red date

Shrub

Wild

Raw

51.

Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.f.)

Wight & Arn.

Rhamnaceae

Wild jujube

Shrub

Wild

Raw

Credibility of Family:

Enlisted information of wild and cultivated fruits resource plants revealed highest number of plants f rom the family 06 from Rutaceae, 05 from

Moraceae, 04 from Euphorbiaceae, 03 from Arecaceae, Solanaceae, Myrtaceae, 02 plants from Anacardiaceae, Annonaceae, Averrho aceae,

Cucurbitaceae, Passifloraceae, Rhamnaceae and 01 plants from Apocynaceae, Cactaceae , Caesalpiniaceae, Caricaceae, Combretaceae,

Cordiaceae, Dilleniaceae, Elaeocarpaceae, Lauraceae, Meliaceae, Mimosaceae, Musaceae, Lythraceae, Sapotaceae, and Verbenaceae.

4. CONCLUSION

The wild and cultivated fruits can be used as traditional food recipes for transformation of traditional knowledge of elder generation. Few wild

fruits can be used in the preparation of jams, jellies and juice to attract present younger generation. Wild and cultivated fruits plants can be

conserved through cultivation in historical parks, gardens, avenues, temples, barren lands, terrace and kitchen gardens to obtain fresh fruits for

the day to day requirements. The proper utilisation of commonly available seasonal wild and cultivated fruits promotes health by increasing

immune system and avoids seasonal diseases. The various wild fruits from herbs and climbers can be selected for cultivation by f ollowing

scientific methods for the conservation of wild and cultivated fruits plant species for future generation.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Authors are thankful for support and encouragement from SMPU incharge, Research Officer (S-3) in-charge, National Ayurveda Dietetics

Research Institute, Bangalore; Director General, CCRAS, New Delhi and Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship funding agency, Ne w Delhi for the

financial assistance.

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