HAN 200: Chapter 1 Review Outline
Define the terms: anatomy & physiology, biology, homeostasis, negative feedback and
positive feedback—Anatomy is the study of form while physiology is the study of function.
Biology is the study of life; homeostasis is maintaining a stable internal environment. Negative
feedback is the primary mechanism of homeostatic regulation, and its control center activates an
effector that negates the original stimulus. Positive feedback accelerates a process to completion,
basically enhancing a change in the original condition.
Explain the principle of “complementarity” as it relates to structure and function It states
that function is dependent on structure and that the form of a structure relates to its function.
List the 8 basic functions that all living things perform-Maintain boundaries, movement,
responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction and growth.
List the 5 survival needs of each living organism- Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temp
and stable atmospheric pressure.
Name the levels of organization, from least to most complex– The chemical or molecular
level, the cellular level, the tissue level, organ level and the organ system level.
Describe the 3 basic principles of the Cell Theory- They are the structural building blocks of
all plants and animals, they are produced by the division of pre-existing cells and they are the
smallest structural units that perform vital functions.
Define: tissue, organ, and organ system– tissue is a specialized group of cells that perform
specific functions, organs are functional units that are composed of more than one tissue, and
organ systems are organs interacting to perform a specific range of functions.
Identify the components of feedback mechanisms and their responsibilities Negative
feedback mechanisms negate the original stimulus to maintain homeostasis, while positive
feedback mechanisms accelerate a process to completion.
Differentiate negative and positive feedback and provide examples of each-Noted above
what they do, blood clotting is an example of positive feedback while you get shivers from a cold
to achieve balance which is an example of negative feedback.
List the primary organs of each of the 4 abdominopelvic quadrants-In the right upper
quadrant are the liver, gallbladder, large and small intestine. In the left upper quadrant are the
spleen and stomach. In the right lower quadrant are the appendix and urinary bladder. In the left
lower quadrant is-
Identify the 9 abdominopelvic regions- On the right side from top to bottom is the right
hypochondriac, right lumbar region and right inguinal region. In the middle is epigastric region,
umbilical region and hypogastric region, or pubic. On the left is the hypochondriac region, left
lumber region and then left inguinal region.
Identify the common anatomical regions of the human body-The head, neck, torso upper
extremity and lower extremity.
Identify the 3 sectional planes and describe the sections that result from their separation of
the body There is the frontal place which separates Anterior and posterior, then the median or
midsagittal plane which separates upper and lower parts, superior to inferior, cranial to caudal is
head to waist and proximal to distal is shoulder to hand or waist to foot.
Describe the relationship of two body parts using directional terms-the knee is distal to the
thigh, while the thigh is proximal to the ankle.
Identify the two primary body cavities and their subdivisions– Dorsal body cavity has the
subdivisions of the cranial cavity and vertebral cavity while the ventral body cavity has the sub
divisions of thoracic cavity, pelvic cavity, abdominal cavity, and then the diaphragm is within
that.
Identify the membranes of the ventral body cavity – These are the serous membranes which
are double layered and are separated into parietal serosa which lines the body cavity wall and
visceral serosa which covers organs in the cavity.
Chapter 2 Review Outline
Describe how to determine atomic number and mass number– Atomic number is the number
of protons in an atom. For mass number, it is the total number of protons and neutrons.
Name the 3 principal elements of the human body, by % of total body weight-Oxygen is at
65%, Carbon is at 18% and Hydrogen is at 10%.
Explain the difference between inert and reactive elements- While reactive elements have
atoms that react with each other to fill the outer shell, inert elements do not react with atoms.
Inert seems to be complete on the basis of electrons on the outer shell, while reactive elements
have unfilled outermost energy levels.
Explain how ionic bonds are formed- They are the bond between a cation and anion, or two
ions of opposite charges.
Explain how covalent bonds are formed- The sharing of electrons on the outer shell.
Describe the difference between polar and non-polar covalent bonds– The difference
between the two is that polar covalent bond can be split into a negative and positive pole due to
an unequal sharing of electrons, while non- polar does not.
Define cation and anion– Cations are atoms that give up an electron and in turn become
positively charged, while anions gain an electron and become negatively charged.
Define isotopes– Isotopes are variants of particular chemical elements that differ in neutron
number ,but are equal in proton number.
Explain how the hydrogen bonds and polarity of water molecule creates solubility and
surface tension– Hydrogen bonds on the surface of water slow the rate of evaporation and acts
as a barrier to keep small object out, thus surface tension. Then for solubility, is created when
polar charges on water molecules break ionic bonds of inorganic compounds.
List the 3 basic chemical reactions in the body and explain the role of water in
decomposition and synthesis reactions– Decomposition reaction, Synthesis reaction and
Exchange reactions. Through hydrolysis water in decomposition is used to break apart
molecules, and in synthesis water is used in dehydration synthesis we use water to from a
molecule by adding then removing water.
