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STUDY GUIDE FOR ANATOMY 1 FINAL LAB PRACTICAL EXAM AND
FINAL EXAM
Body orientation and direction
Be familiar with correct anatomical position
Be able to identify all of the body regions listed in figure 1.1 a and b in the lab manual.
Know the following terms for orientation: superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, medial,
lateral, cranial, caudal, dorsal, ventral, proximal, distal, superficial, deep, parietal,
visceral
Know the common sections: sagittal, midsagittal, parasagittal, frontal, transverse
Tissues: Know the functions of the 4 types of tissues: epithelial, connective, nervous,
muscle
Membranes: Know the composition and functions of the 4 types of membranes:
cutaneous, mucous, synovial, serous
Histology:
Be able to identify the following tissues types under the microscope and know their
general functions and examples where these types are found: simple squamous epithelial,
simple cuboidal epithelial, simple columnar epithelial, pseudostratified columnar
epithelial (ciliated/non-ciliated), stratified squamous epithelial, transitional epithelium,
adipose, reticular loose connective, dense regular connective, hyaline cartilage, elastic
cartilage, fibrocartilage, bone, blood, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle
Skin: Be able to identify on a model or label the following on a diagram and know
functions:
Hair shaft, hair follicle, sebaceous (oil) gland, eccrine sweat glane, arrector pili muscle,
epidermis (stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum corneum),
dermis (papillary layer and reticular layer), hypodermis, Pacinian corpuscle
Typical long bone: Be able to identify the following in a diagram:
diaphysis, periosteum, perforating (Sharpey’s fibers), epiphyseal plate/ epiphyseal line,
marrow, endosteum, articular cartilage
Bones For lab practical, you need to be able to identify ALL of the bones on a skeleton,
skull, or disarticulated. For the final exam, you will need to be able to identify ALL of the
bones on a diagram.
Also know the following bone markings and other skeletal structures for the lab practical
and final exams:
Bone markings on skull:
coronal suture, sagittal suture, lambdoid suture, squamous suture
mental foramen, superior orbital fissure, optic canal, inferior optical fissure
mastoid process, occipital condyle, styloid process (temporal bone), zygomatic process,
mandibular condyle, coronoid process, sella turcica, cribriform plate, crista galli, foramen
magnum, hypoglossal canal, jugular foramen
Be able to identify and know the functions of the sinuses: frontal sinus, ethmoid sinus,
sphenoid sinus, maxillary sinus
Vertebral column: know how many cervical, thoracic lumbar, sacral, coccyx vertebrae
there are
Vertebrae: be able to identify spinous process, body, vertebral foramen, transverse
process, superior articular process, dens
Be able to determine which TYPE of vertebrae you are examining (Atlas, axis, cervical,
thoracic, or lumbar) based on these structures
Ribs. Know differences between true ribs, false ribs, floating ribs
Scapula: acromion and corocoid process and glenoid cavity and spine
Humerus: head, capitulum, coronoid fossa, medial and lateral epicondyle, trochlea,
olecranon fossa, surgical neck
Ulna: olecranon process, trochlear notch
Pelvic bone: acetabulum, pubic crest, pubic symphysis, ilium, iliac crest, sacral
promontory, obturator foramen Be able to discern if a pelvic bone is female or male
Femur: head, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter, patellar surface, lateral condyle,
medial condyle, lateral epicondyle, medial epicondyle
Tibia: lateral condyle, medial condyle, medial malleolus
Fibula: lateral malleolus
Fetal skeleton: Be familiar with relative size of cranium to face, function of fontanels
Joints
Know the following movements: flexion, extension, hyperextension, adduction,
abduction, circumduction, rotation, supination, pronation, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion,
inversion, eversion, elevation, depression, opposition
Muscle tissue: Be familiar with the structure and organizational levels of skeletal
muscle:
thin and thick filaments —> sarcomerers —> myofibril (organelle) —> muscle fiber
(covered by endomysium) —> fascicle (covered by perimysium) —> muscle (covered by
epimysium)
Know how smooth and cardiac and skeletal muscles compare based on these features:
striation, regulation (voluntary vs. involuntary), where the various types are found
Muscles Be able to identify muscles the muscles shown in Figures 10.4 and 10.5 in the
textbook on a model or diagram.
Know the functions of the suprahyoid muscles, infrahyoid muscles, splenius capitus and
splenius cervicis, erector spinae, diaphragm and external intercostal muscles, internal
intercostal muscles, pectoralis major, deltoid, latissimus dorsi, triceps brachii, biceps
brachii/brachialis/brachioradialis, pronator quadratus, quadriceps femoris, hamstrings
Nervous tissue: FOR FINAL EXAM ONLY Be familiar with the different parts of the
neuron (dendrites, cell body, axon hillock, axon, axon terminals). Also be famililar with
the functions of the main types of glial cells (oligodendrocytes, microglia, astrocytes,
ependymal cells, Schwann cell, Satellite cell). Know the roles of myelination. Know the
difference between afferent, efferent, and interneurons. What is a ganglion? What is a
nerve, and where are nerves found? What is a tract? What is a synapse? What is a
neurotransmitter?
FOR LAB PRACTICAL:
Microscope: be able to identify the connective tissue wrappings found in the cross
section of a nerve: endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium
Brain Be able to identify on a model or label the following on a diagram and know
functions: Cerebrum (frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe, central
sulcus, longitudinal fissure, primary somatosensory cortex, primary motor cortex),
olfactory bulb, olfactory tract, optic chiasma, optic nerve, optic tract, pons, midbrain,
medulla oblongata, cerebellum, superior colliculi, inferior colliculi, corpus callosum,
fornix, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, Know the difference between gray
