Name of Student: Campos, Allyka J. Date submitted: October 08, 2021
Course and Section: Marketing – III
Assessment
We depend on forest for survival, from the air we breathe to the wood we used. Without
forests,
life would adversely be affected.
Make a compilation of textual evidences that tropical forests are important to the
survival of biotic
components, including man. Cite your sources in APA format. (minimum of 3; maximum
of 5)
I.
“To explain why tropical forests, have more species than other biomes, some
hypotheses argue that net diversification rates in the tropics must be higher because of
either increased speciation and/or decreased extinction rates. Phylogenetic and
paleontological evidence exists in favor of both ideas (see Mittelbach 2012 and
references therein); however, how do biotic interactions favor higher diversification rates
in the tropics? To answer this question, let us first consider how biotic interactions may
affect speciation and extinction. Regarding extinction, biotic interactions play a central
role in favoring the coexistence of species through different mechanisms, such as
facilitating niche differentiation or promoting negative density dependent mortality,
ultimately preventing or slowing down competitive exclusion.”
“Thus, we come back to the question posed above: How do biotic interactions favor
higher diversification rates in the tropics? There is little doubt that biotic inter-actions
affect the diversification of lineages (Weber et al. 2017), but for these effects to be
stronger in tropical forests, the interactions themselves would need to be more intense
and/or frequent in these biomes.”
“Recent studies in tropical forests suggest that both mechanisms, complementarity and
selection, are not mutually exclusive and that both can operate simultaneously to affect
productivity (Fargione et al. 2007) although their relative importance may be context–
and scale-dependent. For example, Cavanaugh et al. (2014) found that above ground
carbon storage in tropical forests increased with both taxonomic diversity and functional
dominance, while another study showed that dominance was more important than
species traits in determining a species’ contribution to ecosystem functions.”
Source:
Ellen Andresen, Víctor Arroyo-Rodríguez, Federico Escobar. (February 2018). Tropical
Biodiversity: The Importance of Biotic Interactions for Its Origin, Maintenance,
Function, and Conservation. Page 4-9. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315761093_Tropical_Biodiversity_The_
Importance_of_Biotic_Interactions_for_Its_Origin_Maintenance_Function_and_C
onservation
II.
“Tropical forests contribute to climate change mitigation in three ways. First, biomass in
tropical forests contains about 25% of all carbon on only about 12% of the area in the
terrestrial biosphere (Bonan 2008), which means that preventing deforestation and
forest degradation can reduce CO2 emissions. Second, tropical forests are CO2 ‘sinks’,
meaning that they remove net CO2 from the atmosphere, and use this in
photosynthesis to produce additional aboveground and belowground biomass (Brienen
et al. 2015, Poorter et al. 2016). During the early 20th century, standing old-growth
tropical forests removed 1-1.2 Pg carbon y-1 and regrowing (or secondary) forests
another 1.2-1.7 Pg y-1, which was about 24% of the global annual anthropogenic
